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Chemical Reaction and Enzyme Kinetics
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Chemical Reaction and Enzyme Kinetics

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Questions and Answers

What is the enzyme responsible for the breakdown of glycogen?

  • Hexokinase
  • Glycogen hydrolase
  • Glycogen phosphatase
  • Glycogen phosphorylase (correct)
  • What is the result of the radioactive decay of 228 Ra?

  • 2 beta particles
  • 1 gamma wave
  • 1 alpha particle + 1 beta particle (correct)
  • 2 alpha particles
  • How is radioactivity typically detected?

  • Excitation of phosphors in a Scintillation Counter
  • Blackening of photographic film in a Dosimeter
  • Ionisation of gases in a Scintillation Counter
  • Ionisation of gases in a Geiger counter (correct)
  • What is the half-life of the radionuclide given to the patient?

    <p>6 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the product of the citric acid/Krebs'/TCA cycle?

    <p>NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens in the initial step of the citric acid/Krebs'/TCA cycle?

    <p>Acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>The oxidation of NADH and FADH2 in small steps for maximum ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would happen if ATP synthase stopped working during oxidative phosphorylation?

    <p>The electron transport chain would show very low activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate law for the elementary reaction of an inhibitor I binding to an enzyme E?

    <p>d[EI]/dt = k1 [I][E]</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many substrate molecules are turned over by the enzyme alkaline phosphatase per second?

    <p>62.5 s-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases glycolysis?

    <p>AMP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells benefit from gluconeogenesis?

    <p>Brain, red blood cells, anaerobic muscle, and lactating mammary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which enzyme is responsible for glycogen breakdown?

    <p>Glycogen phosphorylase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the unit of the maximal initial reaction rate vmax?

    <p>μmol L-1 s-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Thermodynamics

    • ΔG = -RT ln K
    • R = 8.314 J K-1 mol-1
    • If ΔG0’ = -220 J mol-1, K can be calculated

    Enzyme Kinetics

    • Inhibitor I binds to enzyme E according to the reaction scheme
    • Rate law for this elementary reaction: d[EI]/dt = k1 [I][E] – k-1 [EI]

    Enzyme Alkaline Phosphatase

    • vmax = 12.5 μmol L-1 s-1
    • Concentration of active enzyme = 0.2 μmol L-1
    • Turnover number = 62.5 s-1

    Pyruvic Acid Reaction

    • In the forward reaction, pyruvic acid donates a proton to water
    • In the backward reaction, pyruvate acts as an acid
    • Protonated water is not accurately described by “H3O+“

    Glycolysis Regulation

    • Glycolysis is upregulated by increased levels of AMP
    • Glycolysis is downregulated by increased levels of ATP, citrate, and alanine

    Gluconeogenesis

    • Provides glucose for cells that need a constant supply (brain, red blood cells, anaerobic muscle, and lactating mammary)
    • Clears cells of molecular debris

    Glycogen Breakdown

    • Glycogen phosphorylase is responsible for glycogen breakdown

    Radioactive Decay

    • 228Ra decays to 228Th, releasing 2 alpha particles
    • Radioactivity can be detected via ionisation of gases in a Geiger counter

    Radionuclide Decay

    • Half-life of radionuclide = 6 hours
    • Amount of radionuclide left after 12 hours = 10mCi
    • Initial amount of radionuclide = 40 mCi

    Citric Acid/Krebs’/TCA Cycle

    • Products of the citric acid/Krebs’/TCA cycle include NADH and FADH2
    • Initial step: acetyl CoA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate

    Oxidative Phosphorylation

    • Main purpose: ATP production through oxidation of NADH and FADH2
    • If ATP synthase stopped working, the electron transport chain would show very low activity

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    Description

    Quiz on chemical reaction thermodynamics and enzyme kinetics, including equilibrium constants and reaction rates.

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