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What type of pressure is measured above a perfect vacuum?
What type of pressure is measured above a perfect vacuum?
Which pressure is commonly measured from the level of atmospheric pressure by pressure recording instruments?
Which pressure is commonly measured from the level of atmospheric pressure by pressure recording instruments?
What type of pressure is obtained from barometric readings?
What type of pressure is obtained from barometric readings?
Which term describes energy associated with the kinetic random motion of a large number of molecules?
Which term describes energy associated with the kinetic random motion of a large number of molecules?
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What type of heat affects the temperature of a body without changing its phase?
What type of heat affects the temperature of a body without changing its phase?
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Which heat is required to change the phase of a substance without changing its temperature?
Which heat is required to change the phase of a substance without changing its temperature?
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What term describes the measure of randomness of the molecules in a substance?
What term describes the measure of randomness of the molecules in a substance?
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An ideal gas that follows both Boyle’s law and Charles’s law strictly is referred to as what?
An ideal gas that follows both Boyle’s law and Charles’s law strictly is referred to as what?
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What is the temperature known as when specific humidity is constant in a thermometer?
What is the temperature known as when specific humidity is constant in a thermometer?
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In a closed vessel, which temperature is reached when equilibrium is established after vaporization?
In a closed vessel, which temperature is reached when equilibrium is established after vaporization?
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What temperature is indicated when dew starts to form on the outer surface of a cup with hot soup?
What temperature is indicated when dew starts to form on the outer surface of a cup with hot soup?
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Which term refers to the measure of energy that is no longer available to perform useful work?
Which term refers to the measure of energy that is no longer available to perform useful work?
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What is the name of the diagram that illustrates a graph of enthalpy versus entropy for steam?
What is the name of the diagram that illustrates a graph of enthalpy versus entropy for steam?
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Which component is not included in the first law of thermodynamics for a closed system?
Which component is not included in the first law of thermodynamics for a closed system?
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Which of the following processes is considered reversible?
Which of the following processes is considered reversible?
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Which statement best describes a thermodynamic process?
Which statement best describes a thermodynamic process?
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Which statement correctly describes the Brayton cycle?
Which statement correctly describes the Brayton cycle?
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In a Bell – Coleman cycle, which cycle is being reversed?
In a Bell – Coleman cycle, which cycle is being reversed?
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What does a steam nozzle primarily change?
What does a steam nozzle primarily change?
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Which device is used for measuring velocity?
Which device is used for measuring velocity?
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What is Avogadro's number, a fundamental constant of nature?
What is Avogadro's number, a fundamental constant of nature?
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What is the absolute zero on the Fahrenheit scale?
What is the absolute zero on the Fahrenheit scale?
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What does the continuity equation primarily relate to?
What does the continuity equation primarily relate to?
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What is the equation that shows the work done by a force of R Newtons over a distance L meters and its conversion to kinetic energy?
What is the equation that shows the work done by a force of R Newtons over a distance L meters and its conversion to kinetic energy?
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Which constant is referred to as Boltzmann’s constant?
Which constant is referred to as Boltzmann’s constant?
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What term describes the process when a gas is heated at constant volume?
What term describes the process when a gas is heated at constant volume?
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In what year was the Fahrenheit scale introduced by Gabriel Fahrenheit?
In what year was the Fahrenheit scale introduced by Gabriel Fahrenheit?
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What temperature represents the solid-liquid equilibrium of Mercury?
What temperature represents the solid-liquid equilibrium of Mercury?
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Which definition accurately describes the dew point?
Which definition accurately describes the dew point?
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At what temperature is the liquid-vapor equilibrium of nitrogen observed?
At what temperature is the liquid-vapor equilibrium of nitrogen observed?
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What is the temperature of the solid-liquid equilibrium of Tin?
What is the temperature of the solid-liquid equilibrium of Tin?
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What is the liquid-vapor equilibrium temperature of sulfur?
What is the liquid-vapor equilibrium temperature of sulfur?
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What does a two-phase system with 30% moisture indicate about its composition?
What does a two-phase system with 30% moisture indicate about its composition?
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What happens to the boiling temperature of water when pressure decreases?
What happens to the boiling temperature of water when pressure decreases?
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Which of the following correctly represents the equivalence of 1 horsepower in Btu/hr?
Which of the following correctly represents the equivalence of 1 horsepower in Btu/hr?
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What term describes the pressure above a perfect vacuum?
What term describes the pressure above a perfect vacuum?
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How many Joules are equivalent to one Newton-meter?
How many Joules are equivalent to one Newton-meter?
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Which instrument is used to measure fluid velocity?
Which instrument is used to measure fluid velocity?
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What temperature range qualifies as cryogenic?
What temperature range qualifies as cryogenic?
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According to Newton's law, how is acceleration related to force?
According to Newton's law, how is acceleration related to force?
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Study Notes
Pressure
- Absolute pressure is the true pressure measured above a perfect vacuum.
- Gage pressure is the pressure measured from the level of atmospheric pressure using instruments like a pressure gauge or an open–ended manometer.
- Atmospheric pressure is the pressure obtained from barometric reading.
- Vacuum pressure is the pressure below atmospheric pressure.
Thermodynamics
- Internal energy is the energy stored within a body.
- Kinetic energy is the energy associated with the kinetic random motion of molecules.
- Heat is a form of energy transferred due to a temperature difference.
- Enthalpy is the heat energy transferred to a substance at a constant pressure process.
- Entropy is the measure of randomness of the molecules of a substance.
- Sensible heat is the heat needed to change the temperature of a body without changing its phase.
- Latent heat is the heat needed by a body to change its phase without changing its temperature.
Gas Laws
- Boyle’s Law: In a confined gas, if the absolute temperature is held constant, the volume is inversely proportional to the absolute pressure.
- Charle's Law: In a confined gas, if the absolute pressure is held constant, the volume is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.
- Dalton's Law: The pressure exerted in a vessel by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures that each separate gas would exert if it alone occupied the whole volume of the vessel.
Thermodynamic Concepts
- Avogadro’s number is a fundamental constant of nature, and it is the number of molecules in a gram-mole. Avogadro's number is 6.02252x1023.
- Boltzmann's constant is the ratio of the gas constant to Avogadro’s number.
- Absolute zero is -273.15 ℃ on the Celsius scale and -459.7 ℉ on the Fahrenheit scale.
- Degrees Rankine is the absolute temperature on the Fahrenheit scale.
- Degrees Kelvin is the absolute temperature on the Celsius scale.
- The liquid-vapor equilibrium of hydrogen is -253 ℃.
- The liquid-vapor equilibrium of nitrogen is -196 ℃.
- The liquid-vapor equilibrium of oxygen is -182.97 ℃.
- The solid-liquid equilibrium of Mercury is -38.87 ℃.
- The solid-liquid equilibrium of Tin is 231.9 ℃.
- The solid-liquid equilibrium of Zinc is 419.505 ℃.
- The liquid-vapor equilibrium of Sulphur is 444.60 ℃.
- The solid-liquid equilibrium of Antimony is 630.5 ℃.
Thermodynamics
- Dew point temperature is a temperature measurement in an ordinary thermometer which has constant specific humidity.
- The boiling point is the temperature of equilibrium in a closed vessel when vaporization takes place.
- Absolute entropy is the measure of energy that is no longer available to perform useful work within the current environment.
- A Mollier diagram is a graph of enthalpy versus entropy for steam.
- Inertia is the reaction of inertia in an accelerated body.
Thermodynamic Processes
- The Brayton cycle has two isentropic and two constant pressure processes.
- The Bell-Coleman cycle is a reversed Joule cycle.
- A steam nozzle changes heat energy into kinetic energy.
- A pilot tube is a device used to measure fluid velocity.
- Conservation of mass is applicable to both viscous and non-viscous fluids.
- Work done by a force of R Newtons moving in a distance of L meters is converted entirely into kinetic energy and expressed by the equation: RL = 1/2 MV².
- Isometric process is a process when gas is heated at constant volume.
- Adiabatic process is a process when the expansion or compression of gas takes place without transfer of heat to or from the gas.
Related Concepts.
- Atomic transmutation is the changing of an atom of an element into an atom of a different element with a different atomic mass.
- Atmospheric pressure or air pressure is the weight of the column of air above the earth’s surface.
- A dehydrator is a system that keeps moisture from passing through it.
- In a two-phase system, a 30% moisture means 70% vapor and 30% liquid.
Additional Facts
- 1 hp in Btu/hr equals 2545.
- One Newton-meter is equal to 1 Joule.
- Cryogenic temperature ranges from -250 ℉ to -459 ℉.
- Supersaturated state exists when the temperature of a saturated steam is higher than the saturation temperature at the same pressure.
- Newton’s law states that acceleration is proportional to force.
- Force is defined as a simple push or pull.
- Gauge pressure is the pressure above zero.
- If an initial volume of an ideal gas is compressed to one–half its original volume and to twice its original temperature, the pressure quadruples.
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Description
Test your understanding of key concepts in thermodynamics and pressure measurements. This quiz covers absolute pressure, gage pressure, and various forms of energy such as internal energy and kinetic energy. Prepare to evaluate your knowledge on the laws governing gases and heat transfer.
