Therapeutic Measures and Medication

• Therapeutic measures or medication therapy are actions that help people recover their health, auxiliary nurses can do this to support professional and medical staff and to help the patient recover.

Classification of Measures

• Medication therapy
• Diet therapy
• Physical medicine and rehabilitation
• Rest

General information about drugs

• Drugs are substances or preparations that can prevent or cure diseases
• They are made in pharmaceutical laboratories and administered to people to help their bodies protect themselves or recover.

Origin of Medication

• Vegetable: Derived from plants, such as medicinal plants, digoxine.
• Animal: Derived from animal organs, such as insulin.
• Mineral: Iron salts are prepared using iron.
• Microbial: Antibiotics and vaccines can be produced by culturing microorganisms in the laboratory.
• Synthetic: Medicines can be synthesized from chemical products without needing to extract them from plants or animals, such as chloroquine.
• Biotechnological: Pharmaceutical laboratories use techniques that modify bacteria and other microorganisms to produce biotechnological medicines.

Pharmacokinetics

• Medications undergo processes when entering the body.

Absorption

• Drugs reach the blood through absorption, regardless of how they're administered.

Distribution

• The active principle distributes through the blood to different parts of the body after being absorbed.

Metabolism

• Some active principles are eliminated from the body, just as they were absorbed.

Elimination

• Medicines leave the body in different ways, with most being eliminated directly through urine
• Some Medications get eliminated through the liver and kidneys before exiting through urine
• Elimination can also occur in feces, sweat, tears, breast milk, or exhaled air.

Classification of Medicines

• Analgesics are to relieve physical pain, differentiating between opiate and non-opiate.
• Anti-inflammatory drugs, like NSAIDs, combat pain, fever, and inflammation, and it's important to be aware of their side effects, especially regarding the digestive system.

Anti-infectious

• A medication to combat infections, with various types based on the infectious agent.
• Anti-Fungal for combating fungi
• Antibiotics for combating bacteria
• Antiparasitics for combating parasites
• Antivirals for combating viruses.
• A prescription is needed to get the best use of any of the medicines
• Self-medication is discouraged so as to avoid resistance.

Mucolytics and antitussives

• Mucolytics are recommended when mucus is causing breathing difficulty.
• Antitussives minimize non-productive coughing, or coughing without mucus.

Antiulcerous and antacids

• Medications to reduce gastric secretions
• The most popular for gas is omeprazole and may alter intestinal flow.

Antidiarrheals and laxatives

• Antidiarrheals: Inhibt the motility of the intestine and increase the volume and consistency of the stool
• Laxatives: Treat constipation and should be used in moderation to avoid dependency and nutrient absorption issues.

Antipyretics

• Medications to reduce fever, such as paracetamol, aspirin, or ibuprofen, though the latter two can cause digestive problems.

Antiallergics

• Medications to combat negative effects produced by hypersensitivity or allergic reaction, like antihistamines.

Identification of Medicines

• Every medicine which is properly labelled or identified in its packaging must contain specific information to ensure safe and correct use.

Essential Details on Medicine Packaging

• Generic Name: Common international name for recognition and information, such as acetaminophene.
• Chemical Name: Indicates the chemical structure or formula, like N-(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide.
• Commercial Name: Chosen by the producing laboratory, leading to various names for the same medicine.
• Pharmaceutical Forms: The external presentation containing a specific dose, is crucial.

Solid Forms

• Powders: Composed of pulverized substances for external or internal use, like rehydration salts.
• Capsules: Gelatin containers filled with solids or liquids, administered orally.
• Tablets (pills): Compressed powders and excipients that facilitate preparation and disintegration, like acetaminophen tablets.
• Dragees: Coated tablets with special compounds to regulate dissolution and absorption, e.g., multivitamins.
• Granules: A mix of powders, with or without sugar, in small grains, to be reconstituted in water.

Semisolid Forms

• Ointments: For external use, with soft consistency, applied by gentle friction, e.g., chloramphenicol ointment.
• Pastes: More solid than ointments due to a higher quantity of incorporated powders, e.g., Lasar paste.
• Creams: Emulsion form with more fluid consistency, e.g., salicylic acid.

Liquid Forms

• Solutions: Clear liquids with dissolved medications, used orally as drops or drinkable ampoules.
• Suspensions: Liquids with solids "suspended" in small particles, giving a turbid appearance.
• Syrups: Liquids with a concentrated sugar solution incorporating active principles.
• Elixirs: Solutions using a mix of water and alcohol as the solvent.
• Injectables: Solutions or suspensions in a sterile aqueous or oily vehicle for parenteral administration.

Doses and Measurements

• The dose indicates the amount of medication to give
• The "active principle" of a medication produces a "therapeutic effect" on the human body.
• Concentration: The amount of active ingredient, expressed in weight and volume.
• Excipients: Help maintain or improve the distribution of the medicine in the body.

Dilutions

• Capacity for Measuring: Essential for preparing solutions in clinical and laboratory settings.
• Liters (L): Base metric unit for volume.
• Centiliters (cl): One-hundredth of a liter, 1 cl = 10 ml.
• Milliliters (ml): 1 ml = 1 cubic centimeter (cc).
• Conversions: 1 liter = 1000 ml, 1 fluid ounce = 30 ml, 20 drops = 1ml = 1 dropper, 1 drop = 3 micro drops.
• Dilutions: Used to lower the concentration of a solution

Dosages

• Dosage varies based on weight, age, and health.

Calculating Dosages by Weight

• The dose is calculated for a medication prescribed as mg/kg, used in community settings.

Weight Measures

• Tablets are expressed in grams (g) and milligrams (mg).
• Conversions: 1g = 1,000 mg.
• Some medications are measured in international units (UI).

Measuring Weight in People

• Weight is measured in kilograms (Kg).

• Conversions: 1 Kg = 1,000 grams (g)

• Guatemala uses pounds (lb) for weight measurements; to convert kilograms to pounds, multiply kilograms by 2.2 lbs.

Conversion Measures

• 1 kilo (kg) = 1000g
• 1 kilo = 2.2lbs
• 1 Miligramo (mg) =1,000 Microgramos (mcg)
• 1 Ounce = 28.35gramos (g)
• 1 Libra = 16 onzas
• 16 onzas = 453.5 gramos
• 1 gramo = 1000mg

Temperature Conversion

• Temperature is commonly measured in Celsius (°C)
• Some thermometers display Fahrenheit (°F) for which conversion formulas are provided.

Conversions

• Fahrenheit to Celsius: 80°F = 26.6°C
• Celsius to Fahrenheit: 37°C = 98.6°F

Problems Related to Medications

• Side Effects: The reaction can be severe, like salbutamol accelerating heart rate.
• Allergic Reactions: Symptoms include skin rash, itching, breathing difficulty, and tearing.
• Intoxication: Occurs with excessive medication intake, causing effects from discomfort to death.
• Teratogen: Certain medications affect embryo/fetus development, leading to birth defects.
• Tolerance and Dependence: Tolerance to a medication leads to increased dosage for the same effect.

Interaction

• When multiple medications administer at once, their effects can alter one another, increasing or decreasing the effects of either

Resistance to Antibacterials

• Bacteria can become resistant to antibacterials, reducing the medication's effectiveness.
• Antibacterials should only be used for bacterial infections, not for fungal, viral, or protozoal infections.

Storage Guidelines for Medicines

• Avoid deterioration, protect against humidity, sun, and heat, store in an appropriate place.
• Humidity: All containers must be kept closed to prevent deterioration, even for frequent use.
• Temperature: All medicines must be kept away from heat sources.
• Sunlight is particularly harmful to liquid forms and it is recommended to use amber-colored glass containers.

Quality Check for Medicines

• Odor: Affected by heat and humidity, altered odor from the usual.
• Color: Some medicines change color when humidified.
• Fractionation: Humid tablets may desiccate, fractionate, or stick together.
• Desiccation: Medicines like calcium carbonate tablets may become dry and cracked.
• Moistening: Tablets lose firmness making them easily fall apart
• Transparency: Discard ampoules or injection solutions if there are floating particles

Recognizing Expired Medicines

• The expiration date guarantees initial efficacy and quality if properly stored and handled

Considerations for Administering Medications

• Avoiding legal issues, know the medications, proper technique, institutional standards, patient rights.
• Before administering, verify using the Five Rights and Four Yo's

Rights

• Correct medication and dose.
• Correct route and time.
• Correct patient.

Yo's

• I prepare, administer, and register it.
• I am responsible.

Readings

• The 3 readings
  • When taking it
  • When preparing it
  • When discarding it

Precautions on Medication Information

• It is important, to ask if you have questions. Do not assume.
• Paranteral medications have a small risk of contact with blood.

Medicine Application Precautions

• Make sure to identify drug is correct.
• Verify the drug is in good condition, not damaged, expired, or incomplete.
• Wash hands.
• Make sure to prepare what is needed for the drug, and to bring along water, cotton and alcohol.
• Tell the person or persons about the effect of the drug, and that it will save them
• Check if patient hisotry to see if they had an allergic reaction to the drug.

Meds Administration Time

• You must administrate meds within a time frame, and make sure it has an effect on illness. This time frame determins on length of med and how it takes the drug to absorb and eliminate.

It can take the body hours to take in a pill

• 1 a day- Every 24 hrs
• 2 a day- Every 12 hrs
• 3 a day- Every 8 hrs
• 4 a day- Every 6 hrs
• 5 a day- Every 5 hrs
• 6 a day- Every 4 hrs

Abbreviations

• gts- Drops
• Gr- Grams
• Lts- Litro
• Mcg- Microgramo
• mEq- Miliequivalente
• Mg- Miligramos
• Ml- Mililitros
• Cc- Centímetros cúbicos
• Mmol- Milimoles
• %- Porcentaje
• K- Kilogramo
• UI- Unidades internacionales
• Cdita. (5ml)- Cucharadita
• Cda. (10ml)- Cucharada
• Cap- Cápsula
• Comp- Comprimido
• Gg- Gragea
• Inh- Inhalación o inhalatoria
• Jbe- Jarabe
• Sol- Solución
• Supositorios- Supositorios
• Dcha-Derecha
• Izda- Izquierda
• Inh- Inhalatoria o inhalación
• Id- Intradérmica
• Im- Intramuscular
• In- Intranasal
• Iv- Intravenosa
• Neb-Nebulizada
• Vo/Po- Oral
• SNG- Sonda nasogástrica
• SNY- Sonada nasoyeyunal
• SC- Subcutáneo
• SL- Sublingual
• VV- Vía vaginal
• AHNO- Ayuno hasta nueva orden
• NPO- Nada por la boca o nada por vía oral
• NPL- Nada por vía láctea
• PRN- Por si fuera necesario
• HNO- Hasta nueva orden
• OTOA- Omitir toda orden anterior
• RCP- Reportar por cambios
• STAT- Inmediatamente
• Min- Minuto
• Seg- Segundo
• C24Hras- Cada 8 Horas
• C6hrs- Cada 6 Horas
• Am- Por la mañana
• Pm- Por la tarde
• QD- Una vez al día
• BID- Dos veces al día
• TID- Tres veces al día
• QUID- Cuatro veces al día
• DPT- Difteria, tétanos, tos ferina
• Hib- Haemophilus influenza tipo b
• Men c- Meningococo C
• VNC13- Vacuna antineumocócica conjugada 13 valente
• Td-Tétanos, difteria
• SPR- Sarampión, parotiditis, rubeola
• Vvz- Varicela
• VPH- Virus papiloma humano
• VPI-Polio virus inactivado
• VIH- Virus de inmunodeficiencia humana
• TAR- Tratamiento antirretroviral
• Dx- Diagnostico
• ECV- Evento cerebro vascular
• EKG- Electrocardiograma
• Hb-Ht- Hemoglobina- hematocrito
• Hs- Horas de sueño
• IC- Impresión clínica
• PIE- Prueba inmunológica de embarazo
• PVC- Presión venosa central
• QQSS- Química sanguínea
• QX- Quirúrgico
• RMN- Resonancia magnética nuclear
• TAC- Tomografía axial computarizada
• S/V- Signos vitales
• F/C- Frecuencia cardiaca
• F/R- Frecuencia respiratoria
• P/A- Presión arterial
• CI- Cloro
• K- Potasio
• Mg- Magnesio
• Na- Sodio
• HC03- Bicarbonato

Administration of Medication

• Oral: Meds are taken by Mouth. These are swallowed,, dissoveld under tounge,or through nasal/oral tubes.
• Miminum Euipment- Ticket or order card, band aid, water.
• Advantages- Easiest way, easy to give, and less of a risk for the patient.
• Disadvantes- notall medicine can absorb due stomach getting in its way.
• People that prepare the med, administrate, triturated, and diluted, and use the same person for ever step

Intermuscular

• Injected drug in muscle tissue/

• You must do these steps to apply the drug, to wash your hands, to veify correct steps, provide private secure area, and uncover the area where injected. -Glúteo- seperate into 4 quadrants, inject in the upper side to corner. upper side.

• Deltoides- inject in the center msucle.

• Musle(child)- From the knee cap up and down in the center inject, and clean.

• Before medicine. dry the area, secure the injected area, inject at 90 degree angle, if not blood inject at a slower speed, put pill on site, and discard needle in barrel, making patient comfy and annotate what you did.

Not forgeting these inportant parts

• There is different skin levels with different amount of fluid.

Intradermica Route

• You put low doses of fluid between the dermis layer.

SubCateneous Route

• You place the mess in a subtaneous, under thenskin

Equipo

• Orderd Medicine
• Ticket
• Clean serrated alchohol
• Inject at 25 degree angle

You must also apply rules

• prepear md use correct place rotate
• dont use damaged area
• Use low ammount of pills
• Vein
• You inject in to the Vein

This is how you inject

• You inject you fast affect ect
• It goes faster
• Use equipment to place
• Use 21 or 22 to inject
• Rinceria turnicate

You must know indication, react if patient reaxs.

You must follow dose

• Must multiply, devide

Venoclisis

• Giving large ammounts of drugs though the Vein. Use for medicine, keep the Vein, helping get rid of Toxins, keeping balance and restore fluids.

Equipo

• Vein Equip.
• Medicine equip
• Tape.
• Papre To write name time ect

Precaution Check the doc order, check if stuff is right apply and set the machine. Set the drip corectly.

General Care

• Be in order for it all.
• Check if medicine is correct ect check data .

Important to rember

• You divide ammount of solution by number then divide by number like 3.0
• For how much water in 6 hrs get water a hour.
• The 5 solution in the water mix and put into the body a 5 rate

Inphussion Pumps

• Is devide used the a drug and helps the
• It has a motor set to
• Set by rota, spring and plastic.

Topcical

• Is the applymeds to the skin

Objetives

• Protect the irratation
• Un inflamate
• Alliveait pain
• Increase cut
• Anestic Equipo
• Use clean cut ect

Rectum route

• Is admin drugs to rectum in way to to get local efects Objetive
• Clean intes
• Applyy medcs
• Allivet flatlence

App suc

• Suppos insert conlly and heat

Objeavti

• Provide vaucum clono
• Locals med
• Prodeuc general.

Vaginal view

• You apply med to get local efect
• Cream
• Pills You touch with local medi
• Apply medic
• Antiflam You take with you

Inhalations

• You take or aspirer air or vapor
• Use for cuarterization
• Use euculyp, menta.
• You can hve or drink this with
• Tormijo
• Manzanella
• Set asides safe and humid

You must take care during

• Dont toich casula
• Use asmastics
• Take preacuts
• Dont inhalite withouth being ok