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Questions and Answers
What is the first indication of language ability in infants?
What is the first indication of language ability in infants?
At what age do girls tend to be taller and heavier than boys?
At what age do girls tend to be taller and heavier than boys?
What is a characteristic of a 5-6 year old's language development?
What is a characteristic of a 5-6 year old's language development?
What is a common phenomenon observed in 18-month-old children's language development?
What is a common phenomenon observed in 18-month-old children's language development?
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At what stage do children start using complete utterances?
At what stage do children start using complete utterances?
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When do boys typically surpass girls in terms of height and weight?
When do boys typically surpass girls in terms of height and weight?
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What is a theory, according to Skinner?
What is a theory, according to Skinner?
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What are the key components of a theory in the context of children's development?
What are the key components of a theory in the context of children's development?
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What is the focus of Biological theory in children's development?
What is the focus of Biological theory in children's development?
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What is Anxious-resistant attachment, according to Bowlby?
What is Anxious-resistant attachment, according to Bowlby?
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What is the primary focus of Psychodynamic theories in children's development?
What is the primary focus of Psychodynamic theories in children's development?
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What is the primary focus of Learning theories, specifically Behaviourism, in children's development?
What is the primary focus of Learning theories, specifically Behaviourism, in children's development?
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What is Respondent behavior, according to Skinner's theory?
What is Respondent behavior, according to Skinner's theory?
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What is the primary argument of Nativism, as proposed by Chomsky, in the context of language acquisition?
What is the primary argument of Nativism, as proposed by Chomsky, in the context of language acquisition?
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What is the main idea behind Piaget's constructivist theory?
What is the main idea behind Piaget's constructivist theory?
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What is the term used to describe the process of infants developing new social and cognitive skills through interactions with older individuals?
What is the term used to describe the process of infants developing new social and cognitive skills through interactions with older individuals?
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What is the average weight of a full-term baby at birth?
What is the average weight of a full-term baby at birth?
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What is the primary difference between gross motor skills and fine motor skills?
What is the primary difference between gross motor skills and fine motor skills?
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Which theory argues that the environment you grow up in affects every facet of your life?
Which theory argues that the environment you grow up in affects every facet of your life?
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What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD) in Vygotsky's theory?
What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD) in Vygotsky's theory?
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What is the primary characteristic of newborns in terms of their senses?
What is the primary characteristic of newborns in terms of their senses?
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What is the term used to describe the process of providing temporary support to facilitate learning?
What is the term used to describe the process of providing temporary support to facilitate learning?
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What is the primary role of antecedent in understanding behavior?
What is the primary role of antecedent in understanding behavior?
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According to Bowlby's theory, what is the primary reason for children to form attachments with others?
According to Bowlby's theory, what is the primary reason for children to form attachments with others?
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What is the primary idea behind the concept of operant behavior?
What is the primary idea behind the concept of operant behavior?
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What is the primary argument of Nativism, as proposed by Chomsky?
What is the primary argument of Nativism, as proposed by Chomsky?
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What is the primary focus of Biological theory in children's development?
What is the primary focus of Biological theory in children's development?
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What is the primary characteristic of Secure attachment, according to Bowlby?
What is the primary characteristic of Secure attachment, according to Bowlby?
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What is the primary idea behind Skinner's theory of learning?
What is the primary idea behind Skinner's theory of learning?
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What is the primary focus of Psychodynamic theories in children's development?
What is the primary focus of Psychodynamic theories in children's development?
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What is the primary difference between cognitive and ecological theories?
What is the primary difference between cognitive and ecological theories?
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What is the term used to describe the process of creating and modifying mental structures or schemas?
What is the term used to describe the process of creating and modifying mental structures or schemas?
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According to Vygotsky's theory, what is the primary driver of development and independence?
According to Vygotsky's theory, what is the primary driver of development and independence?
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What is the primary focus of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
What is the primary focus of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
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What is the term used to describe the coordination between small muscles and the eyes?
What is the term used to describe the coordination between small muscles and the eyes?
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What is the primary characteristic of newborns in terms of their senses?
What is the primary characteristic of newborns in terms of their senses?
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What is the term used to describe the process of infants developing new social and cognitive skills through interactions with older individuals?
What is the term used to describe the process of infants developing new social and cognitive skills through interactions with older individuals?
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What is the primary difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories?
What is the primary difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories?
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What is the primary distinction between girls and boys in terms of physical development at age 11?
What is the primary distinction between girls and boys in terms of physical development at age 11?
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What characterizes the language development of children at the beginning of the 2nd year?
What characterizes the language development of children at the beginning of the 2nd year?
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What is the primary feature of language development at stage 7?
What is the primary feature of language development at stage 7?
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At what stage do children begin to exhibit conversational skills similar to those of adults?
At what stage do children begin to exhibit conversational skills similar to those of adults?
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What is the primary characteristic of language development at stage 4?
What is the primary characteristic of language development at stage 4?
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What is the age range during which children typically develop more complex, adult-like conversational skills?
What is the age range during which children typically develop more complex, adult-like conversational skills?
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Study Notes
Theory of Human Development
- A theory is an attempt to discover order, showing lawful relations between events.
Biological Theory
- Bowlby suggests that children are biologically programmed to form attachments with others for survival.
- Types of attachment:
- Secure attachment: forgive and forget
- Anxious-resistant attachment: forgive but with punishment
- Avoidant attachment: don't forgive and don't accept
Psychodynamic Theories
- Sigmund Freud: behavior can be understood through the unconscious mind, and early childhood experiences shape adulthood.
- Erikson: human personalities develop past the age of five, with birth to 5 years focusing on biological, cognitive, language, emotional, and social development.
Learning Theories
- Behaviourism:
- Skinner's theory: environment is dominant, and behavior is shaped by situational factors.
- Types of behavior:
- Respondent behavior: automatic responses
- Operant behavior: controlled actions
- Nativism:
- Chomsky's theory: children have an innate faculty for language acquisition, and language can't be learned solely through reinforcement and imitation.
Cognitive Theories
- Constructivism:
- Piaget's theory: children actively interact with the environment to construct knowledge through mental structures or schemas.
- Development progresses in stages.
- Social Constructivism:
- Vygotsky's theory: humans develop through social interactions, and infants learn new skills through interactions with older individuals.
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and scaffolding are central concepts.
Ecological Theory
- Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory: the environment influences human development, with social interactions affecting every facet of life.
Child Development
- Newborn babies:
- Average weight: 3.4 kg
- Average length: 40-50 cm
- Large head in proportion to body
- Boys tend to be longer and heavier than girls
- Lose up to 10% of birth weight in the first few days, regained by day 14
- Respond to sounds and voice
- Sleep up to 18 hours a day
- Senses:
- Sensitive to pain
- Prefer sweet tastes
- Hearing well developed
- Vision less well developed
- Motor skills:
- Gross motor skills: whole-body movement, large muscles
- Fine motor skills: small muscles, eye coordination
- Language development:
- Stages:
- Crying (day 1) as an indication of language ability
- Cooing (0-2 months) and babbling (3-6 months)
- One-word utterances (beginning of 2nd year)
- Vocabulary explosion (18 months) and overgeneralizations
- Two-word utterances (just before the end of 2nd year and beginning of 3rd year)
- Complete utterances (third year to the beginning of 4th year)
- Conversational skills and metalinguistic awareness (4-6 years)
- Mastery and fluency of L1 knowledge (7-13 years)
- Stages:
Theory of Human Development
- A theory is an attempt to discover order, showing lawful relations between events.
Biological Theory
- Bowlby suggests that children are biologically programmed to form attachments with others for survival.
- Types of attachment:
- Secure attachment: forgive and forget
- Anxious-resistant attachment: forgive but with punishment
- Avoidant attachment: don't forgive and don't accept
Psychodynamic Theories
- Sigmund Freud: behavior can be understood through the unconscious mind, and early childhood experiences shape adulthood.
- Erikson: human personalities develop past the age of five, with birth to 5 years focusing on biological, cognitive, language, emotional, and social development.
Learning Theories
- Behaviourism:
- Skinner's theory: environment is dominant, and behavior is shaped by situational factors.
- Types of behavior:
- Respondent behavior: automatic responses
- Operant behavior: controlled actions
- Nativism:
- Chomsky's theory: children have an innate faculty for language acquisition, and language can't be learned solely through reinforcement and imitation.
Cognitive Theories
- Constructivism:
- Piaget's theory: children actively interact with the environment to construct knowledge through mental structures or schemas.
- Development progresses in stages.
- Social Constructivism:
- Vygotsky's theory: humans develop through social interactions, and infants learn new skills through interactions with older individuals.
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and scaffolding are central concepts.
Ecological Theory
- Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory: the environment influences human development, with social interactions affecting every facet of life.
Child Development
- Newborn babies:
- Average weight: 3.4 kg
- Average length: 40-50 cm
- Large head in proportion to body
- Boys tend to be longer and heavier than girls
- Lose up to 10% of birth weight in the first few days, regained by day 14
- Respond to sounds and voice
- Sleep up to 18 hours a day
- Senses:
- Sensitive to pain
- Prefer sweet tastes
- Hearing well developed
- Vision less well developed
- Motor skills:
- Gross motor skills: whole-body movement, large muscles
- Fine motor skills: small muscles, eye coordination
- Language development:
- Stages:
- Crying (day 1) as an indication of language ability
- Cooing (0-2 months) and babbling (3-6 months)
- One-word utterances (beginning of 2nd year)
- Vocabulary explosion (18 months) and overgeneralizations
- Two-word utterances (just before the end of 2nd year and beginning of 3rd year)
- Complete utterances (third year to the beginning of 4th year)
- Conversational skills and metalinguistic awareness (4-6 years)
- Mastery and fluency of L1 knowledge (7-13 years)
- Stages:
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Description
Understand the concept of a theory and its principles in the context of child development. Learn how theories connect concepts, explain behavior, and predict learning outcomes.
