44 Questions
What is the first indication of language ability in infants?
Cooing
At what age do girls tend to be taller and heavier than boys?
Age 11
What is a characteristic of a 5-6 year old's language development?
Possesses the basic syntactic, semantic, phonological, and phonetic knowledge
What is a common phenomenon observed in 18-month-old children's language development?
Overgeneralizations
At what stage do children start using complete utterances?
Stage 6
When do boys typically surpass girls in terms of height and weight?
Age 14
What is a theory, according to Skinner?
An attempt to discover order and show lawful relations between events
What are the key components of a theory in the context of children's development?
Systematic scientific observations, concepts, and ideas about what children can do or learn
What is the focus of Biological theory in children's development?
The formation of attachments as a means of survival
What is Anxious-resistant attachment, according to Bowlby?
Forgive but with punishment
What is the primary focus of Psychodynamic theories in children's development?
The unconscious mind and its influence on behavior
What is the primary focus of Learning theories, specifically Behaviourism, in children's development?
The role of environment in shaping behavior
What is Respondent behavior, according to Skinner's theory?
Things that happen automatically
What is the primary argument of Nativism, as proposed by Chomsky, in the context of language acquisition?
Children have an inborn faculty for language acquisition
What is the main idea behind Piaget's constructivist theory?
The child actively interacts with the environment to construct knowledge.
What is the term used to describe the process of infants developing new social and cognitive skills through interactions with older individuals?
Zone of proximal development
What is the average weight of a full-term baby at birth?
3.4 kg
What is the primary difference between gross motor skills and fine motor skills?
Gross motor skills require whole-body movement, while fine motor skills require small muscle coordination.
Which theory argues that the environment you grow up in affects every facet of your life?
Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory
What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD) in Vygotsky's theory?
The range of knowledge that a child can learn through social interactions.
What is the primary characteristic of newborns in terms of their senses?
They are sensitive to pain and have a well-developed sense of hearing.
What is the term used to describe the process of providing temporary support to facilitate learning?
Scaffolding
What is the primary role of antecedent in understanding behavior?
It is the event that occurs before the behavior being observed
According to Bowlby's theory, what is the primary reason for children to form attachments with others?
To ensure survival
What is the primary idea behind the concept of operant behavior?
It refers to behaviors that require our conscious control
What is the primary argument of Nativism, as proposed by Chomsky?
Children have an inborn faculty for language acquisition
What is the primary focus of Biological theory in children's development?
To understand the role of genetics in shaping behavior
What is the primary characteristic of Secure attachment, according to Bowlby?
Forgive and forget
What is the primary idea behind Skinner's theory of learning?
Environment plays a dominant role in shaping behavior
What is the primary focus of Psychodynamic theories in children's development?
To understand the role of unconscious mind in shaping behavior
What is the primary difference between cognitive and ecological theories?
Cognitive theories focus on individual differences, while ecological theories focus on social interactions
What is the term used to describe the process of creating and modifying mental structures or schemas?
Constructivism
According to Vygotsky's theory, what is the primary driver of development and independence?
Social interactions
What is the primary focus of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory?
The influence of social environments on human development
What is the term used to describe the coordination between small muscles and the eyes?
Fine motor skill
What is the primary characteristic of newborns in terms of their senses?
Sensitive to pain and prefer sweet tastes
What is the term used to describe the process of infants developing new social and cognitive skills through interactions with older individuals?
Zone of proximal development
What is the primary difference between Piaget's and Vygotsky's theories?
Piaget's theory focuses on individual differences, while Vygotsky's theory focuses on social interactions
What is the primary distinction between girls and boys in terms of physical development at age 11?
Girls are 1.5 inches taller and 8 pounds heavier
What characterizes the language development of children at the beginning of the 2nd year?
One-word utterances
What is the primary feature of language development at stage 7?
Possession of basic syntactic, semantic, phonological, and phonetic knowledge
At what stage do children begin to exhibit conversational skills similar to those of adults?
Stage 7
What is the primary characteristic of language development at stage 4?
Vocabulary explosion
What is the age range during which children typically develop more complex, adult-like conversational skills?
7-13 years
Study Notes
Theory of Human Development
- A theory is an attempt to discover order, showing lawful relations between events.
Biological Theory
- Bowlby suggests that children are biologically programmed to form attachments with others for survival.
- Types of attachment:
- Secure attachment: forgive and forget
- Anxious-resistant attachment: forgive but with punishment
- Avoidant attachment: don't forgive and don't accept
Psychodynamic Theories
- Sigmund Freud: behavior can be understood through the unconscious mind, and early childhood experiences shape adulthood.
- Erikson: human personalities develop past the age of five, with birth to 5 years focusing on biological, cognitive, language, emotional, and social development.
Learning Theories
- Behaviourism:
- Skinner's theory: environment is dominant, and behavior is shaped by situational factors.
- Types of behavior:
- Respondent behavior: automatic responses
- Operant behavior: controlled actions
- Nativism:
- Chomsky's theory: children have an innate faculty for language acquisition, and language can't be learned solely through reinforcement and imitation.
Cognitive Theories
- Constructivism:
- Piaget's theory: children actively interact with the environment to construct knowledge through mental structures or schemas.
- Development progresses in stages.
- Social Constructivism:
- Vygotsky's theory: humans develop through social interactions, and infants learn new skills through interactions with older individuals.
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and scaffolding are central concepts.
Ecological Theory
- Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory: the environment influences human development, with social interactions affecting every facet of life.
Child Development
- Newborn babies:
- Average weight: 3.4 kg
- Average length: 40-50 cm
- Large head in proportion to body
- Boys tend to be longer and heavier than girls
- Lose up to 10% of birth weight in the first few days, regained by day 14
- Respond to sounds and voice
- Sleep up to 18 hours a day
- Senses:
- Sensitive to pain
- Prefer sweet tastes
- Hearing well developed
- Vision less well developed
- Motor skills:
- Gross motor skills: whole-body movement, large muscles
- Fine motor skills: small muscles, eye coordination
- Language development:
- Stages:
- Crying (day 1) as an indication of language ability
- Cooing (0-2 months) and babbling (3-6 months)
- One-word utterances (beginning of 2nd year)
- Vocabulary explosion (18 months) and overgeneralizations
- Two-word utterances (just before the end of 2nd year and beginning of 3rd year)
- Complete utterances (third year to the beginning of 4th year)
- Conversational skills and metalinguistic awareness (4-6 years)
- Mastery and fluency of L1 knowledge (7-13 years)
- Stages:
Theory of Human Development
- A theory is an attempt to discover order, showing lawful relations between events.
Biological Theory
- Bowlby suggests that children are biologically programmed to form attachments with others for survival.
- Types of attachment:
- Secure attachment: forgive and forget
- Anxious-resistant attachment: forgive but with punishment
- Avoidant attachment: don't forgive and don't accept
Psychodynamic Theories
- Sigmund Freud: behavior can be understood through the unconscious mind, and early childhood experiences shape adulthood.
- Erikson: human personalities develop past the age of five, with birth to 5 years focusing on biological, cognitive, language, emotional, and social development.
Learning Theories
- Behaviourism:
- Skinner's theory: environment is dominant, and behavior is shaped by situational factors.
- Types of behavior:
- Respondent behavior: automatic responses
- Operant behavior: controlled actions
- Nativism:
- Chomsky's theory: children have an innate faculty for language acquisition, and language can't be learned solely through reinforcement and imitation.
Cognitive Theories
- Constructivism:
- Piaget's theory: children actively interact with the environment to construct knowledge through mental structures or schemas.
- Development progresses in stages.
- Social Constructivism:
- Vygotsky's theory: humans develop through social interactions, and infants learn new skills through interactions with older individuals.
- Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) and scaffolding are central concepts.
Ecological Theory
- Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory: the environment influences human development, with social interactions affecting every facet of life.
Child Development
- Newborn babies:
- Average weight: 3.4 kg
- Average length: 40-50 cm
- Large head in proportion to body
- Boys tend to be longer and heavier than girls
- Lose up to 10% of birth weight in the first few days, regained by day 14
- Respond to sounds and voice
- Sleep up to 18 hours a day
- Senses:
- Sensitive to pain
- Prefer sweet tastes
- Hearing well developed
- Vision less well developed
- Motor skills:
- Gross motor skills: whole-body movement, large muscles
- Fine motor skills: small muscles, eye coordination
- Language development:
- Stages:
- Crying (day 1) as an indication of language ability
- Cooing (0-2 months) and babbling (3-6 months)
- One-word utterances (beginning of 2nd year)
- Vocabulary explosion (18 months) and overgeneralizations
- Two-word utterances (just before the end of 2nd year and beginning of 3rd year)
- Complete utterances (third year to the beginning of 4th year)
- Conversational skills and metalinguistic awareness (4-6 years)
- Mastery and fluency of L1 knowledge (7-13 years)
- Stages:
Understand the concept of a theory and its principles in the context of child development. Learn how theories connect concepts, explain behavior, and predict learning outcomes.
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