80 Questions
What did Paul Grice establish in 1975?
Maxims for managing conversation
According to Grice, what is the underlying principle for speaking?
Expressing relevant information clearly
Which maxim focuses on making informative contributions in a conversation?
Maxim of Quantity
What does the maxim of Relation emphasize in a conversation?
Being relevant
According to Grice, what should you not do in terms of the content you provide?
Say something you believe to be false
How does Grice differentiate between maxims and rules in conversation?
Maxims provide general guidelines, rules are specific.
According to Tannen's research on conversational styles, men's conversations tend to focus on:
Giving and receiving information and asserting independence
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a style attributed to men by Tannen?
Information vs feelings
According to behaviourism theories, how are thoughts and emotions explained?
In terms of encouraging desired behavior and discouraging unwanted traits
In Tannen's contrast of men and women's discourse, women's conversations are more focused on:
Negotiating strategies and building relationships
What did Sapir and Whorf believe regarding language?
It restricts speakers' abilities to reason and understand.
Which philosopher advanced the theory of Empiricism?
John Locke
What is the main principle of conversational cooperation according to Erving Goffman?
Conversation face
Based on the text, what does the Boas-Jakobson principle state?
Languages differ in the types of information they require speakers to mention.
What did John Locke argue about the mind at birth?
It is a blank slate on which experiences develop
According to the Muted Group Theory, certain minorities in society are silenced due to:
The lack of interest in their voices
Which theory suggests that there is something special about the human brain enabling mastery of language?
Innatism
Which theory introduced the concept of 'face' in conversations?
Erving Goffman's theory
What is the book by Guy Deutcher mentioned in the text about?
Color perception in different societies.
Standpoint Theory emphasizes the importance of studying women's language from the viewpoint of:
Women themselves
In George Orwell's novel '1984', what is the official language used to control thoughts?
Newspeak
According to the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, how do words and grammar affect thoughts?
They shape and determine thoughts
In contrast to Tannen's initial findings, recent studies have shown that:
Gender roles are leading to greater equality in language use
How might positive politeness be used in conversations?
To compliment the listener before making a request
According to the Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT), why do individuals change their speech during interactions?
To accommodate and appear similar to others.
'Linguistic determinism' refers to which idea?
'Language determines the way we think'
Which conjunction is commonly used in disagreements to save face?
But
What does the Genderlect Theory by Deborah Tannen primarily focus on?
Gender differences in conversational style.
According to Descartes, what was the viewpoint on language acquisition?
'It requires very little reason to be able to speak'
'Linguistic reflection' suggests that:
Language only reflects the thoughts of its speakers
What did linguists realize early in the 20th century about learning language?
'How to put meaning on words and phrases' is essential for language learning
'Linguistic relativity' states that:
'The structure of a language does affect the speaker’s world'
What does Nativism propose about language development?
It is solely influenced by genetic abilities
'Acquisition of the sense of self takes place alongside the acquisition of language' - which theory does this statement align with?
John Watson's theory
'Every person uses language in a new way each time they speak' - How does this relate to the influence of society and culture according to linguists?
'The culture and society influence the way we think, thus shaping how we speak'
What was a criticism of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis regarding data collection?
It underemphasized the importance of language differences in concepts of time, space, and lifestyle.
'Theories of Language and Thought' suggest that which aspect shapes the way we talk?
'Lifestyle, traditions, and innovations of a society'
'In all manner of formal and informal situations, conversational success is more likely where relative status is considered' - What does this statement imply?
Considering the relative status of participants aids conversational success
What are Grice's maxims of Quantity and how do they guide conversation?
Make your contribution to the conversation as informative as necessary. Do not make your contribution more informative than necessary.
Explain the significance of the maxim of Relation in conversation according to Grice.
The maxim of Relation emphasizes being relevant in conversation.
How does Grice define the maxim of Quality in conversation?
Do not say what you believe to be false. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
What is the cooperative principle underlying all purposes for speaking according to Grice?
People wish to express relevant information in a clear manner.
How does Grice differentiate between maxims and rules in conversation?
Maxims are guidelines that are often broken, while rules are strictly followed.
What did Paul Grice establish in 1975 related to conversation?
Paul Grice established the guideline principles for conversation known as maxims.
According to Tannen's research on conversational styles, what do men's conversations tend to focus on?
Giving and receiving of information
What is the Standpoint Theory's suggestion regarding the study of women's language?
It should be practiced from the point of view of women.
In the Muted Group Theory, why are certain minorities silenced in society?
Due to their lack of power.
What criticism is associated with the Standpoint Theory?
Women's lives may be as different from each other as the gender differences.
What do recent studies show in contrast to Tannen's initial findings about men and women's conversational styles?
Less expected difference between men and women.
What does the Muted Group Theory suggest about the voices of certain minorities in society?
They are silenced.
Explain the concept of 'conversation face' in conversational cooperation.
Conversation face refers to each speaker's sense of their own linguistic image and worth.
How do speakers use positive politeness to manage face-threatening acts?
Speakers may be complimentary to the person they are speaking to before starting a potentially face-threatening act.
What is the purpose of using negative politeness in conversations?
Negative politeness is used to mitigate requests or situations by the speaker, potentially restricting the freedom of someone else in the conversation.
Why is the word 'no' used less often than 'yes but' in disagreements?
Using 'yes but' helps qualify or change what has just been said in some way, which can be more successful in managing differences of opinion.
How do relative power and influence of participants impact conversational success?
In all manner of formal and informal situations, conversational success is more likely when strategies that consider the relative status of each participant are employed.
What did Descartes believe about language acquisition and reasoning?
Descartes believed that 'it requires very little reason to be able to speak.'
How did linguists in the early 20th century view language acquisition?
They realized that learning a language involved not just naming objects but also putting meaning on words and phrases learned.
What did the Behaviourism Theory by John Watson suggest about language acquisition?
The theory suggested that the acquisition of the sense of self occurs alongside the acquisition of language.
How do cognitive abilities and language development relate according to linguistics?
Linguists agree that the culture of a society shapes the way we think, which in turn influences the way we talk.
What is the main concept behind the theories of Language and Thought?
The main concept is that the culture of a society shapes the way we think, influencing our language use.
What is the difference between linguistic determinism and linguistic reflection?
Linguistic determinism states that language determines the way we think, while linguistic reflection suggests that language influences people's views of the world but does not determine it.
Who were the proponents of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis and what did they argue about language and thought?
Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf were the proponents. They argued that the words and grammar of a language directly shape the thoughts of its speakers.
Explain the concept of linguistic relativity.
Linguistic relativity states that the structure of a language affects the speaker's world.
What is the main idea behind the theory of Innatism?
The theory of Innatism posits that there is something special about the human brain that enables mastery of language, in contrast to the 'blank slate' theory.
How did John Locke's theory of Empiricism view the acquisition of knowledge and language?
Locke's Empiricism argued that self-identity and language knowledge come through senses and experiences, rather than through reasoning or logical argument.
Who is considered the leading proponent of the Nativism theory, and what does this theory propose?
Noam Chomsky is the leading proponent. Nativism suggests that individuals are born with genetic abilities that include language development.
What is the central idea behind Behaviourism theories regarding thoughts and emotions?
According to Behaviourism theories, thoughts and emotions are explained in terms of encouraging desired behavior and discouraging unwanted traits.
How did Plato and Descartes contribute to the theory of Innatism?
Plato and Descartes believed that ideas were in the mind at birth and given by a supreme being, supporting the concept of Innatism.
What did the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis propose about the relationship between language and thought?
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis suggested that the words and grammar of a language directly shape the thoughts of its speakers.
What is the key distinction between Empiricism and Innatism in terms of language acquisition?
Empiricism asserts that language knowledge comes through senses and experiences, while Innatism argues that the mind is born with innate abilities for language mastery.
What principle, developed in the late 1950s, is considered a possible replacement for the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?
Boas-Jakobson principle
Which theory suggests that all languages are reflections of human thoughts and share similar patterns and concepts?
Universalism
According to the Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT), why do individuals change their speech during interactions?
To appear similar to those they spend time with
What theory, introduced by Deborah Tannen, focuses on gender differences in conversational style?
Genderlect Theory
Which novel by George Orwell features a tightly controlled society reinforced by the official language of 'Newspeak'?
1984
Who authored the book 'Through the Looking Glass: Why the world looks different in other languages'?
Guy Deutcher
What theory suggests that individuals mimic the language of those they spend time with to appear similar?
Communication Accommodation Theory (CAT)
According to the Boas-Jakobson principle, how do languages differ?
In the types of information they require speakers to mention
What does the Genderlect Theory by Deborah Tannen primarily focus on in terms of conversational style?
Gender differences
Which theory suggests that language is a reflection of human thoughts and that all languages share similar patterns and concepts?
Universalism
Test your knowledge on theories related to language and the self. Identify key theories and their respective theorists in this quiz focusing on concepts like Conversational Maxims by Paul Grice.
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