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B.F. Skinner is known for his theory of ______ which applies reinforcement or punishment to behavior.
B.F. Skinner is known for his theory of ______ which applies reinforcement or punishment to behavior.
operant conditioning
Skinner's book, published in 1957, is titled ______ Behavior.
Skinner's book, published in 1957, is titled ______ Behavior.
Verbal
Skinner's theory is based on the logic of ______, which includes antecedent, behavior, and consequence.
Skinner's theory is based on the logic of ______, which includes antecedent, behavior, and consequence.
behaviorism
______ reinforcers help fulfill basic survival needs in infants.
______ reinforcers help fulfill basic survival needs in infants.
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Skinner describes ______ as responses to internal states like hunger or pain.
Skinner describes ______ as responses to internal states like hunger or pain.
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Echoics involve learning through ______.
Echoics involve learning through ______.
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Extended tacts result from ______ generalization.
Extended tacts result from ______ generalization.
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Skinner's concept of autoclitics addresses issues of ______ and grammar.
Skinner's concept of autoclitics addresses issues of ______ and grammar.
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A lot of the evidence-based treatment procedures in speech-language pathology are behavioral procedures based on Skinner’s operant ______.
A lot of the evidence-based treatment procedures in speech-language pathology are behavioral procedures based on Skinner’s operant ______.
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Currently, it is called 'Applied ______ analysis' (ABA).
Currently, it is called 'Applied ______ analysis' (ABA).
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Critics argue that these procedures focus only on language use, not ______ or meaning.
Critics argue that these procedures focus only on language use, not ______ or meaning.
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From Chomsky, Skinner’s theory does not fully explain the rapid pace of language ______.
From Chomsky, Skinner’s theory does not fully explain the rapid pace of language ______.
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Bloom and Lahey view language as a tool to represent information in ______.
Bloom and Lahey view language as a tool to represent information in ______.
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The code is the ______ of language.
The code is the ______ of language.
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Language is a ______ with rules delineating how sounds can combine to form words.
Language is a ______ with rules delineating how sounds can combine to form words.
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The question 'Is there anything tree-like about the word ______?' highlights the arbitrary nature of language.
The question 'Is there anything tree-like about the word ______?' highlights the arbitrary nature of language.
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Language represents shared ______
Language represents shared ______
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Dogs and cats use specific sounds to ______ with humans.
Dogs and cats use specific sounds to ______ with humans.
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The form of language includes sounds, words, and ______.
The form of language includes sounds, words, and ______.
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According to Skinner, learning is seen as operant ______.
According to Skinner, learning is seen as operant ______.
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Noam Chomsky is regarded as the founder of modern ______.
Noam Chomsky is regarded as the founder of modern ______.
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The cognitive revolution in linguistics focused on the ______ basis of language.
The cognitive revolution in linguistics focused on the ______ basis of language.
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Bloom and Lahey add notions of form and ______ to the language framework.
Bloom and Lahey add notions of form and ______ to the language framework.
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Chomsky’s review of Skinner’s work was considered a definitive ______ of behaviorist views on language.
Chomsky’s review of Skinner’s work was considered a definitive ______ of behaviorist views on language.
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Language competence includes the understanding of content, form, and ______.
Language competence includes the understanding of content, form, and ______.
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Universal grammar suggests that the basic principles of all languages are innately ______ within the human mind.
Universal grammar suggests that the basic principles of all languages are innately ______ within the human mind.
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Study Notes
Theories of Language
Behavioral Theory (B.F. Skinner, 1957)
- B.F. Skinner, prominent psychologist (1904-1990), known for "radical behaviorism" and rejection of free will.
- Developed concept of operant conditioning: behavior shaped by reinforcement or punishment.
- In "Verbal Behavior" (1957), proposed that language development can be analyzed functionally through reinforcement.
- Language development follows the logic: Antecedent (stimulus) > Behavior (response) > Consequence (reinforcement).
- Language acquisition begins with external stimuli and back-and-forth caregiver-infant interactions.
Reinforcers
- Primary reinforcers satisfy basic needs, such as food and comfort from caregivers.
- Secondary reinforcers address non-biological needs like interaction (e.g., peek-a-boo, talking).
- Consistent responses from caregivers shape infant responses and language learning.
Verbal Operants
- "Mands": Requests made in response to needs.
- "Echoics": Imitation and repetition for language learning.
- "Tacts": Commenting on the environment without requesting something.
- "Extended tacts": Generalization where known responses are applied to new, similar stimuli.
- "Autoclitics": Relate to syntax and grammar, dealing with language structure and rules.
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA)
- Many speech-language pathologies use Skinner's behavioral procedures.
- ABA is a modern application of operant conditioning in treatment.
Criticisms of Skinner's Theory
- Focuses only on language use, neglecting forms (sounds, words) and meanings.
- Chomsky's critique: Skinner does not account for the speed of language acquisition or creativity in sentence generation.
Language as Defined by Lois Bloom & Margaret Lahey (1978)
- Both authors influential in speech-language pathology, focused on language development in children with disorders.
- Language serves as a means to convey information and a social tool for interaction.
Key Definitions
- Code: Represents objects/events through sounds and movements; encoding combines code elements to create messages, while decoding interprets them.
- System: Rules for combining sounds, words, and sentences; allows for infinite possible combinations.
- Convention: Arbitrary relationship between words and their meanings; reflects shared knowledge within a community.
Functional Dimensions of Language
- Content: Organized categories of meaning; universal yet culturally specific.
- Form: Connection of sounds with meaning; encompasses phonology, grammatical structures, and types of sentences.
- Use: Social function driving communication; context influences linguistic choices.
Integrated Language Competence
- Comprises content, form, and use; builds understanding and production behaviors.
- Bloom & Lahey introduced a combined approach, addressing how children develop a mental plan connecting sounds and meanings.
Noam Chomsky
- Born 1928, regarded as founder of modern linguistics; introduced cognitive perspectives in language studies.
- Proposed that innate principles of language exist within the human mind and are used to construct grammar unconsciously.
- Challenged Skinner's behaviorist framework through 1959 review, pointing out its limitations in explaining new sentence generation.
Universal Grammar
- Concept posits that humans possess an inherent linguistic structure that guides language acquisition and understanding.
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Description
Explore the theories of language with a focus on B.F. Skinner's behavioral approach. This quiz delves into concepts such as operant conditioning and its implications for understanding language acquisition. Discover Skinner's radical behaviorism and his influential work in verbal behavior.
