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Questions and Answers
What is the impact of the Oedipal stage in Freudian theory on gender role development?
What is the impact of the Oedipal stage in Freudian theory on gender role development?
How does Karen Horney's perspective on gender differ from Freud's?
How does Karen Horney's perspective on gender differ from Freud's?
What does Karen Horney mean by 'womb envy'?
What does Karen Horney mean by 'womb envy'?
What role does the absence of a same-sex parent play in gender development according to Freudian theory?
What role does the absence of a same-sex parent play in gender development according to Freudian theory?
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Which of the following statements reflects the psychodynamic approach to gender development?
Which of the following statements reflects the psychodynamic approach to gender development?
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Freud's defense mechanism of 'identification' is crucial for resolving which type of conflict?
Freud's defense mechanism of 'identification' is crucial for resolving which type of conflict?
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What aspect of personality development does Horney challenge in Freud's theories?
What aspect of personality development does Horney challenge in Freud's theories?
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According to Stevenson & Black, what behavior is observed in boys with absent fathers during the Oedipal stage?
According to Stevenson & Black, what behavior is observed in boys with absent fathers during the Oedipal stage?
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What did Horney believe was the origin of females' feelings of inferiority?
What did Horney believe was the origin of females' feelings of inferiority?
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Which of the following statements reflects Psychoanalytic Feminism?
Which of the following statements reflects Psychoanalytic Feminism?
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What is a central idea of Nancy Chodorow's theory regarding gender development?
What is a central idea of Nancy Chodorow's theory regarding gender development?
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How did Chodorow's viewpoint on gender inequality differ from Freud's?
How did Chodorow's viewpoint on gender inequality differ from Freud's?
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What aspect of child development does Chodorow emphasize in her theory?
What aspect of child development does Chodorow emphasize in her theory?
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Which factor does Horney cite as a contributor to men's feelings of resentment towards women?
Which factor does Horney cite as a contributor to men's feelings of resentment towards women?
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What is a consequence of a male-dominated society according to the provided content?
What is a consequence of a male-dominated society according to the provided content?
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According to contemporary psychodynamic theories, which is true about gender roles?
According to contemporary psychodynamic theories, which is true about gender roles?
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How does the bonding between mothers and children differ for male and female children?
How does the bonding between mothers and children differ for male and female children?
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What challenge do male children face in developing their gender identity?
What challenge do male children face in developing their gender identity?
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According to Chodorow's theory, what is a likely consequence of boys' efforts to distinguish themselves from their mothers?
According to Chodorow's theory, what is a likely consequence of boys' efforts to distinguish themselves from their mothers?
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What is indicated about the process of identity development in female children?
What is indicated about the process of identity development in female children?
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What does the Antigone Phase in Kaschak's Theory signify regarding gender roles?
What does the Antigone Phase in Kaschak's Theory signify regarding gender roles?
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What impact does early childhood experience with mothers have on future relationships, particularly for girls?
What impact does early childhood experience with mothers have on future relationships, particularly for girls?
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What factor starts to emerge when children begin to develop a sense of self?
What factor starts to emerge when children begin to develop a sense of self?
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How does the emotional closeness between sons and daughters differ?
How does the emotional closeness between sons and daughters differ?
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Study Notes
Theories of Gender Development
-
Psychodynamic Approach:
- Family dynamics influence gender identity development subconsciously.
- Freud's psychosexual development theory is the basis for this approach. Conflicts during different stages, particularly the phallic stage, lead to gender-role development.
- Identification with the same-sex parent is a crucial mechanism for resolving conflict and developing gender roles.
- Absence of a same-sex parent can disrupt this process.
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Freudian Perspective on Gender Development:
- Psychosexual stages involve potential conflicts.
- Conflicts arise during the phallic stage, with feelings of rivalry and hatred towards the father.
- Identification with the same-sex parent is a defense mechanism used to resolve these conflicts, resulting in gender-role development.
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Karen Horney's Perspective:
- Reexamined Freud's concepts, focusing on differences in gender development.
- Offered alternative explanations for female envy and feelings of inferiority relating to masculinity. It emphasizes social forces rather than biology.
- Suggesting that men's desire for achievement stems from a need to compensate for perceived inadequacy, not from envy of women's reproductive capabilities, and that women do not experience inferiority due to physical differences, but rather societal expectations.
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Contemporary Psychodynamic Theories:
- Feminists have influenced the Freudian perspective.
- Gender is not biologically determined but socially constructed.
- Childhood experiences shape gender roles.
- Male dominance in society plays a large role in how gender develops.
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Nancy Chodorow's Theory:
- Focuses on early childhood experiences with mothers.
- Children initially identify with their mothers, which influences gender development.
- Girls develop femininity more smoothly due to similar-sex identification with their mother. Boys must separate from their mother to develop a sense of self-identity. However, separation leads to a rejection of femininity in boys and often mistrust.
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Kaschak's Theory:
- Uses the character of Antigone in Sophocles's plays.
- Explores how societal expectations of males and females influences individual development.
- Highlights how societies construct and maintain gender inequality.
- Societies grant power to men and expect subservience in women.
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Contemporary Studies on Family Violence (1995):
- Some men engage in family violence because they believe they have the right.
- Failure to resolve the Antigone phase can lead to women experiencing self-hatred or shame.
- This may lead women to form relationships to achieve a sense of self-worth.
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Description
Explore the psychodynamic approaches to gender identity development, focusing on Freud's theory of psychosexual stages and the significance of parental influence. Understand the roles of conflict resolution and identification in shaping gender roles, as well as Karen Horney's reexamination of these ideas. Delve into how family dynamics subconsciously impact gender identity.
