Theories of Gender Development
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Questions and Answers

What is the impact of the Oedipal stage in Freudian theory on gender role development?

  • It is primarily focused on the absence of the mother.
  • It results in the development of sex-typed behavior through conflict resolution. (correct)
  • It encourages children to reject the concept of gender roles.
  • It leads to a strong bond with the father figure.

How does Karen Horney's perspective on gender differ from Freud's?

  • She believes that women envy men for their physical strength.
  • She accepts Freud's view on early childhood as the main influencer of gender identity.
  • She emphasizes social forces over unconscious motivations. (correct)
  • She agrees with Freud on the importance of biological forces.

What does Karen Horney mean by 'womb envy'?

  • An inherent competition between genders for dominance.
  • Men's jealousy towards women’s reproductive capabilities. (correct)
  • A woman's internal struggle with her own femininity.
  • Men's desire to have children.

What role does the absence of a same-sex parent play in gender development according to Freudian theory?

<p>It disrupts the normal process of gender role identification. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects the psychodynamic approach to gender development?

<p>Unconscious conflicts play a major role in forming gender identity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Freud's defense mechanism of 'identification' is crucial for resolving which type of conflict?

<p>Oedipal conflict with the father. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of personality development does Horney challenge in Freud's theories?

<p>The nature of female envy towards males as purely biological. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Stevenson & Black, what behavior is observed in boys with absent fathers during the Oedipal stage?

<p>They show less sex-typed behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Horney believe was the origin of females' feelings of inferiority?

<p>Male insecurity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects Psychoanalytic Feminism?

<p>Childhood experiences contribute to gender identity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a central idea of Nancy Chodorow's theory regarding gender development?

<p>Children identify with their mothers during the pre-oedipal stage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Chodorow's viewpoint on gender inequality differ from Freud's?

<p>She attributed inequality to early maternal experiences rather than anatomical differences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of child development does Chodorow emphasize in her theory?

<p>Attachment and identification with the mother (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does Horney cite as a contributor to men's feelings of resentment towards women?

<p>Men's feelings of inadequacy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of a male-dominated society according to the provided content?

<p>Heightened insecurities for women (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to contemporary psychodynamic theories, which is true about gender roles?

<p>They are shaped by psychosexual development and childhood experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the bonding between mothers and children differ for male and female children?

<p>Mothers and daughters exhibit a closer bond than mothers and sons. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge do male children face in developing their gender identity?

<p>Separating from their mothers to form their own identity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Chodorow's theory, what is a likely consequence of boys' efforts to distinguish themselves from their mothers?

<p>Development of a fear and mistrust of femininity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated about the process of identity development in female children?

<p>It begins with a strong identification with their mother. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Antigone Phase in Kaschak's Theory signify regarding gender roles?

<p>It draws parallels between female identity and familial loyalty. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does early childhood experience with mothers have on future relationships, particularly for girls?

<p>It fosters strong maternal instincts in their future parenting roles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor starts to emerge when children begin to develop a sense of self?

<p>Awareness of gender differences is recognized by the mother. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the emotional closeness between sons and daughters differ?

<p>Daughters generally experience more emotional closeness with their mothers than sons. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychoanalytic Feminism

A school of thought that critiques traditional psychoanalytic theory, arguing that gender is not biologically determined and psychosexual development shapes gender roles.

Gender Inequality

Unequal treatment or opportunities for men and women, often based on societal expectations of gender roles.

Chodorow's Theory

Early childhood experiences with mothers shape the development of gender roles: girls identify more with their mothers, and boys, though initially connected to mothers, are pushed away toward a masculine identity by societal demands.

Pre-Oedipal Stage

A stage of development in early childhood, before the Oedipal complex, where children develop a strong attachment to their mothers influencing gender identity.

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Female Inferiority (Chodorow)

Chodorow argues that female inferiority stems from societal pressures, not inherent anatomical differences.

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Masculine Bias

A societal preference or favoritism towards qualities associated with masculinity, contributing to gender inequality.

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Oedipal Complex

A stage in psychosexual development where children develop unconscious desires and conflicts related to their parents, impacting later development and gender identity.

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Gender Roles

Societal expectations associated with masculinity and femininity, which influence how men and women are treated and how they perceive themselves.

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Psychodynamic Approach to Gender

This approach to gender development, rooted in Freud's theory, suggests that family dynamics subconsciously shape internal gender identities. Conflicts during specific stages, especially the phallic stage, influence gender role development.

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Oedipal Stage

A psychosexual stage, according to Freud, in which children experience conflict (especially for boys) with the same-sex parent, leading to a resolution process related to gender identification.

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Identification (defense mechanism)

A defense mechanism developed to resolve conflicts, especially during the Oedipal stage, which leads to adopting the behaviors/characteristics of same-sex parent, hence shaping gender roles.

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Karen Horney's Gender Perspective

A psychoanalytic perspective that challenges some of Freud's ideas about gender disparities. It emphasizes the influence of social factors and disagrees with Freud's views on female envy, inferiority, and masculinity.

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Womb Envy

Horney's concept, contrary to Freud's idea, suggesting that men may envy women's ability to bear children and see reproduction as something that causes inadequacy in men

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Masculinity Complex

Represents when females express masculine attitudes and behaviours, and is a concept that Karen Horney disagreed with, in comparison to Freud´s view.

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Social Prestige

The social standing and reputation that gives importance to an individual. In this case, Horney argued that women's envy of men's social prestige was psychological, not physical.

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Parental absence

The absence of a parent, especially of the same gender, affecting the typical process of gender development.

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Mother-child bonding

The strong emotional connection and influence a mother has on her child during early childhood.

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Mother-daughter relationship

Characterized by closer emotional ties due to shared gender, influencing smooth personality development.

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Mother-son relationship

Usually not as close as the mother-daughter relationship, requiring the son to detach for gender identity development.

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Gender Identity Development in Boys

Involves separating from the mother's influence to develop masculinity, often involving rejection of femininity.

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Gender Identity Development in Girls

A smoother transition into womanhood, often developing a strong connection with the mother figure, influencing future mothering.

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Emotional Closeness (Mother-Child)

Research shows distinct emotional closeness patterns between mothers and sons/daughters.

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Antigone Phase (Kaschak's Theory)

A theory linking the character of Antigone from Greek mythology to psychological development.

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Denigration of Women

The theory suggests that men's detachment from their mothers possibly relates to worldwide devaluation of women.

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Study Notes

Theories of Gender Development

  • Psychodynamic Approach:
    • Family dynamics influence gender identity development subconsciously.
    • Freud's psychosexual development theory is the basis for this approach. Conflicts during different stages, particularly the phallic stage, lead to gender-role development.
    • Identification with the same-sex parent is a crucial mechanism for resolving conflict and developing gender roles.
    • Absence of a same-sex parent can disrupt this process.
  • Freudian Perspective on Gender Development:
    • Psychosexual stages involve potential conflicts.
    • Conflicts arise during the phallic stage, with feelings of rivalry and hatred towards the father.
    • Identification with the same-sex parent is a defense mechanism used to resolve these conflicts, resulting in gender-role development.
  • Karen Horney's Perspective:
    • Reexamined Freud's concepts, focusing on differences in gender development.
    • Offered alternative explanations for female envy and feelings of inferiority relating to masculinity. It emphasizes social forces rather than biology.
    • Suggesting that men's desire for achievement stems from a need to compensate for perceived inadequacy, not from envy of women's reproductive capabilities, and that women do not experience inferiority due to physical differences, but rather societal expectations.
  • Contemporary Psychodynamic Theories:
    • Feminists have influenced the Freudian perspective.
    • Gender is not biologically determined but socially constructed.
    • Childhood experiences shape gender roles.
    • Male dominance in society plays a large role in how gender develops.
  • Nancy Chodorow's Theory:
    • Focuses on early childhood experiences with mothers.
    • Children initially identify with their mothers, which influences gender development.
    • Girls develop femininity more smoothly due to similar-sex identification with their mother. Boys must separate from their mother to develop a sense of self-identity. However, separation leads to a rejection of femininity in boys and often mistrust.
  • Kaschak's Theory:
    • Uses the character of Antigone in Sophocles's plays.
    • Explores how societal expectations of males and females influences individual development.
    • Highlights how societies construct and maintain gender inequality.
    • Societies grant power to men and expect subservience in women.
  • Contemporary Studies on Family Violence (1995):
    • Some men engage in family violence because they believe they have the right.
    • Failure to resolve the Antigone phase can lead to women experiencing self-hatred or shame.
    • This may lead women to form relationships to achieve a sense of self-worth.

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Gender Issues in Psychology (PSY-512) Lecture 12 PDF

Description

Explore the psychodynamic approaches to gender identity development, focusing on Freud's theory of psychosexual stages and the significance of parental influence. Understand the roles of conflict resolution and identification in shaping gender roles, as well as Karen Horney's reexamination of these ideas. Delve into how family dynamics subconsciously impact gender identity.

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