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Study Guide Pt. 2 (mixed)
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Study Guide Pt. 2 (mixed)

Created by
@AmenableNurture

Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of Broca's Area?

  • Language production (correct)
  • Visual processing
  • Sensory processing
  • Understanding language

    • Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) result in permanent cell death.

    False

    What type of stroke is commonly associated with hypertension?

    Intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke

    The ________ provides blood to the ventral surface of the brain and the occipital lobe.

    <p>PCA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of stroke to its description:

    <p>Thrombosis = Localized buildup causing occlusion Embolism = Blockage caused by a traveling clot Lacunar stroke = Small blockages in small vessels Extracerebral stroke = Occurs within the meningeal tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is used to restore brain function in acute ischemic stroke?

    <p>tPA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The penumbra is the area of brain tissue that is dead following a stroke.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of treatment in the acute phase of stroke management?

    <p>To save the tissue of the penumbra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is primarily responsible for language production and comprehension?

    <p>Central Nervous System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Speech is defined as the socially shared rules of expression.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of cells found in the nervous system?

    <p>Neurons and Glial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _______ is responsible for voluntary muscle movements and motor signals.

    <p>motor cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the Central Nervous System is protected by bony structures and cerebrospinal fluid?

    <p>Brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lobes of the brain with their primary functions:

    <p>Frontal Lobe = Motor functions and decision making Parietal Lobe = Somatosensory functions Temporal Lobe = Auditory processing Occipital Lobe = Visual processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gray matter consists of _______ and dendrites inside the CNS.

    <p>cell bodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The right hemisphere of the brain is primarily responsible for language production.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major societal cost of strokes in the U.S. annually?

    <p>$34 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Traumatic brain injuries (TBI) primarily affect children and older adults.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area of the brain is identified as Broca's area?

    <p>Inferior frontal gyrus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of Alzheimer's Disease?

    <p>It is the 6th leading cause of death in the U.S.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anomia is characterized by word choice errors where intended words cannot be retrieved.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately _____ people in the U.S. have a stroke each year.

    <p>795,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which two language centers in the brain are primarily focused on in the classical associative connectionist paradigm?

    <p>Broca's area and Wernicke's area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following stages of illness experience with their characteristics:

    <p>Stage 1 = Uncertainty and monitoring behaviors Stage 2 = Relinquishing control and distraction Stage 3 = Negotiating control and goal setting Stage 4 = Seeking closure and mastery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ________ model reflects the involvement of neural regions in language as determined by evolution and development.

    <p>microgenetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of paraphasia with its description:

    <p>Verbal semantic = Word errors semantically related to the intended word Literal/phonemic = Word errors phonemically related to the intended word Neologism = Creation of new, nonsensical words Stereotypies = Recurrent utterances or phrases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach emphasizes the need for empathy and compassion in patient care?

    <p>Patient-Centered Approach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the cons of the Western Aphasia Battery (WAB)?

    <p>Forces categorization of individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Neuroplasticity refers to structural changes in the brain following injury.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cognitive neuropsychological models focus on the processing of phrases rather than single words.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the Speech-Language Pathologist (SLP) play in treating mood disorders post-brain injury?

    <p>Advocating for identification and treatment of depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is agrammatism?

    <p>Reduced function words and reliance on content words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The psychosocial model focuses on the impact of _____ and _____ on coping and recovery.

    <p>individual factors; outside factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which definition of health aligns with WHO's perspective?

    <p>Absence of disease and a state of well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term ________ refers to atypical repetitions of words or topics after the initial stimulus has ceased.

    <p>preservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quality of Life (QoL) assessments only focus on physical health.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the computational connectionism models?

    <p>They represent language as patterns of neuron-like information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered chronicity of illness?

    <p>The long duration of the impairment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    _____ is a language impairment due to the nondominant hemisphere.

    <p>Crossed aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms to their definitions:

    <p>Theory = A statement about a mechanism underlying behavior Model = Visual representation of a theory for testability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes fluent aphasia according to the classification system?

    <p>Poor auditory comprehension but speech is naturalistic and fluent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with nonfluent aphasia typically have poor auditory comprehension.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one group of aphasia identified by Schuell’s Classification System.

    <p>Simple aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In nonfluent aphasia, utterance length is typically __________.

    <p>shortened</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a disadvantage of the classification tests like the WAB?

    <p>Patients are forced into predefined categories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following aphasia types with their characteristics:

    <p>Fluent aphasia = Good auditory comprehension Nonfluent aphasia = Natural speech flow Aphasia with sensorimotor involvement = Affected speech production Aphasia with severe impairments = Significant language deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The similarity of classification between the WAB and BDAE is 27%.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one factor that must be described to guide rehabilitation interventions for individuals with language impairments?

    <p>Signs and symptoms of language impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Language vs. Communication

    • Language, combined with sophisticated communication, distinguishes humans from animals.
    • Humans utilize language while animals communicate without a structured language system.

    Language vs. Speech

    • Speech involves verbal communication aspects such as articulation, voice, and fluency, relying on neuromuscular programming.
    • Language encompasses social rules for expression, covering semantics, morphology, syntax, grammar, and pragmatic considerations.

    Basics of the Nervous System

    • Central Nervous System (CNS): Comprises the brain, spinal cord, and brainstem, responsible for language and cognitive functions.
    • Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Includes cranial and spinal nerves, facilitating motor and sensory functions, and controlling autonomic functions.
    • CNS is protected by a bony shell, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid.
    • Neurons consist of dendrites, a cell body, an axon, terminal endings, and synapses; glial cells support and provide myelination.
    • Gray matter consists of neuron cell bodies and dendrites, while white matter contains myelinated axons.

    Divisions of the Central Nervous System

    • The Left Hemisphere: Primarily involved in language production and comprehension.
    • The Right Hemisphere: Involved in spatial functions, melody, and intonation.
    • Major brain lobes: Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital, each with specific structural and functional roles.

    Types of Stroke (CVA)

    • Ischemic strokes occur from artery blockages and include transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), thrombosis, embolism, and lacunar strokes.
    • Hemorrhagic strokes divide into intracerebral (bleeding within cranial tissue) and extracerebral (bleeding in the meningeal tissue).
    • Treatment focuses on preserving penumbra tissue and may include carotid endarterectomy, stenting, clot retrieval, and tPA administration.

    Perisylvian Language Areas

    • Broca's Area (BA 44 and 45) in the frontal lobe handles language production, syntax, and morphology.
    • Functional MRI (fMRI) assesses brain functionality in response to tasks without the use of radioactive tracers.

    Statistics of Neural Injury

    • Approximately 795,000 strokes occur annually in the U.S., costing $34 billion yearly.
    • Stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability; prompt hospital arrival within three hours reduces disability risks.
    • About 2.5 million people sustain traumatic brain injuries (TBI) each year, with children and older adults at higher risk.
    • In 2013, 5 million individuals in the U.S. were living with Alzheimer's, a major cause of death.

    Social Impact and Recovery

    • Recovery and coping are influenced by individual and social networks, including family roles, financial stability, and social integration.
    • Rehabilitation leverages neuroplasticity, focusing on long-term reorganization of brain functions following injury through therapy.

    Illness Experience Stages

    • Stage 1: Uncertainty regarding illness, overwhelming family observations.
    • Stage 2: Family assumes responsibility while the patient distracts themselves.
    • Stage 3: Regaining self, goal setting for rehabilitation.
    • Stage 4: Attaining mastery and closure, family acknowledges new roles.

    Comorbidity of Mood Disorders

    • Recognizing and treating depression can significantly enhance the quality of life for patients and their families.
    • Depression negatively affects well-being and is common with brain injuries; active treatment approaches are preferred.

    Chronicity of Illness

    • Chronicity refers to the prolonged duration of impairment, with various emotional reactions over time, including shock, denial, and adaptation.

    Adaptation and Coping

    • Adaptation abilities are influenced by individual factors (age, cognitive ability) and external factors (family, culture).

    Quality of Life Assessment

    • Quality of life evaluations consider physical health, psychological health, independence, social relationships, and one's connection to the environment.

    Understandings of Aphasia

    • Aphasia is an acquired neurogenic language disorder resulting from left hemisphere damage; it does not align with sensory, motor, or cognitive deficits.
    • Crossed aphasia occurs when impairments arise from the nondominant hemisphere.

    Theories and Models of Aphasia

    • Classical associative connectionist paradigm classifies aphasia types; central language areas include Broca's and Wernicke's areas.
    • Cognitive neuropsychological models use single-word processing studies for hypothesis testing of breakdowns in language processing.

    Signs and Symptoms of Aphasia

    • Varied paraphasias include verbal semantic errors, literal/phonemic errors, neologisms, and anomia (naming impairment).
    • Agrammatism involves reduced function words and reliance on content words, often co-occurring with comprehension impairments.

    Classification Systems of Aphasia

    • The Western Aphasia Battery (WAB) reliably classifies individuals into categories based on fluency, comprehension, and naming skills, though it may force categorization.

    Pros and Cons of Classification

    • Classification aids in identifying patterns in aphasia but may oversimplify individual variations.
    • Individuals may have unique aphasia patterns that do not fit neatly into established categories.

    Best Practices for Intervention

    • Develop intervention goals based on each individual's signs and symptoms and consider co-occurring impairments that may impact recovery efforts.

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    Description

    Explore the classical associative connectionist paradigm in aphasia, focusing on the work of Broca and Wernicke. This quiz examines the structure of the brain's language centers and their specific functions. Test your knowledge of the common classification system derived from neoclassical connectionist models.

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