30 Questions
What is the main idea behind the mutation theory of aging?
Accumulation of mutations in our genome
What is the main difference between a genetically modified and engineered organism?
The method of alteration used
How were the first recombinant organisms produced?
By cutting open a plasmid and inserting a foreign gene
What is the main idea behind the telomere theory of aging?
Telomeres being worn away over time
What is the term for an organism that contains DNA from multiple places?
Recombinant organism
What is the term for the process of E. coli absorbing a plasmid?
Transformation
What is the primary purpose of gel electrophoresis in PCR?
To visualize and determine the size of the PCR product
What is the role of primers in PCR?
To locate the specific gene in question and bind to its complimentary positions
What determines the speed of DNA fragments during gel electrophoresis?
The length of the DNA fragments
What is the result of repeating the PCR process 20-30 times?
Millions of copies of the gene of interest
What is the purpose of the DNA ladder in gel electrophoresis?
To provide a reference for determining the size of DNA fragments
What is the primary function of DNA polymerase in PCR?
To copy the remaining DNA sequence after the primer
What is the purpose of the tagged nucleotides in Sanger sequencing?
To stop extension and act as a marker for sequencing
What is the primary function of DNA polymerase in Sanger sequencing?
To copy the DNA sequence
What is the purpose of the electrical current in Sanger sequencing?
To separate DNA fragments by size
What is the outcome of allowing the Sanger sequencing process to continue for a long enough time?
Fragments of varying sizes with tagged nucleotides at every position
What is the purpose of a GWAS study?
To identify genetic variations associated with a particular disease
What happens when a tagged nucleotide gets added to the DNA fragment during Sanger sequencing?
Extension stops
What was the primary concern when working with recombinant organisms according to the Asilomar Conference regulations?
To contain the organisms
What is the purpose of a reporter gene in genetic engineering?
To identify where a gene is expressed in a cell
Why were regulations necessary for working with recombinant organisms?
Because the risks of using recombinant organisms were unknown
What is the mechanism of action of Bt corn?
The toxin binds to a receptor on the surface of the insect's gut and causes fluids to leak out
What is the purpose of isolating genes from a bacterium in the production of Bt corn?
To produce a toxin that is insect-specific
What is the goal of adding a reporter gene to a gene of interest?
To identify where the gene of interest is being expressed
What is the main idea behind Social Darwinism?
The idea that powerful individuals are biologically superior
What is the purpose of eugenics?
To produce individuals with desirable traits
Why are modern races not clearly defined?
Because of the overlap between different races
What is the relationship between Social Darwinism and eugenics?
They are complementary ideologies
What is the main goal of negative eugenics?
To eliminate undesirable traits from a population
What is the historical context of Social Darwinism?
It was used to justify slavery, imperialism, and social inequalities
Test your knowledge of the main theories of aging, including the mutation theory, telomere theory, free radical theory, and stem cell theory. Understand the different explanations for the aging process.
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