Podcast
Questions and Answers
What principle did Adam Smith argue in The Wealth of Nations regarding the division of labour?
What principle did Adam Smith argue in The Wealth of Nations regarding the division of labour?
Which management theory focuses on creating the most efficient way to perform a job through scientific analysis?
Which management theory focuses on creating the most efficient way to perform a job through scientific analysis?
Which of the following is NOT a principle of Taylor's Scientific Management?
Which of the following is NOT a principle of Taylor's Scientific Management?
What was a significant outcome of Taylor's pig iron experiment?
What was a significant outcome of Taylor's pig iron experiment?
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Which two theorists are associated with the general administrative theory within the classical approach?
Which two theorists are associated with the general administrative theory within the classical approach?
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What impact did the industrial revolution have on management?
What impact did the industrial revolution have on management?
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What is a key characteristic of the classical approach to management?
What is a key characteristic of the classical approach to management?
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Which aspect of management did Frank and Lillian Gilbreth contribute to?
Which aspect of management did Frank and Lillian Gilbreth contribute to?
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What is the primary expectation of a manager according to Theory Y?
What is the primary expectation of a manager according to Theory Y?
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Which of the following best describes a closed system in organizational theory?
Which of the following best describes a closed system in organizational theory?
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What does the contingency approach emphasize in relation to management practices?
What does the contingency approach emphasize in relation to management practices?
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How did the quantitative approach to management primarily evolve?
How did the quantitative approach to management primarily evolve?
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Which of the following is NOT considered a popular contingency variable?
Which of the following is NOT considered a popular contingency variable?
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What principle is associated with Henri Fayol's contributions to management theory?
What principle is associated with Henri Fayol's contributions to management theory?
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According to Fayol's analysis, what aspect is particularly important for managers to recognize?
According to Fayol's analysis, what aspect is particularly important for managers to recognize?
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What was a significant focus of Elton Mayo's findings in management?
What was a significant focus of Elton Mayo's findings in management?
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What was the primary focus of the Gilbreths in their studies of work?
What was the primary focus of the Gilbreths in their studies of work?
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Which of the following describes the Gantt chart?
Which of the following describes the Gantt chart?
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Fayol's principle of 'unity of command' indicates that:
Fayol's principle of 'unity of command' indicates that:
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In the bureaucracy ideal type described by Max Weber, which characteristic is emphasized?
In the bureaucracy ideal type described by Max Weber, which characteristic is emphasized?
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Münsterberg's contribution to industrial psychology primarily regarded which aspect of worker productivity?
Münsterberg's contribution to industrial psychology primarily regarded which aspect of worker productivity?
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Chester Barnard's acceptance theory of authority suggests what about managers?
Chester Barnard's acceptance theory of authority suggests what about managers?
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The Hawthorne effect primarily demonstrates how what factor influences worker productivity?
The Hawthorne effect primarily demonstrates how what factor influences worker productivity?
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Which of Fayol's principles emphasizes the importance of fairness in management?
Which of Fayol's principles emphasizes the importance of fairness in management?
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What was the primary goal of Follett regarding employee involvement?
What was the primary goal of Follett regarding employee involvement?
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Which principle of management emphasizes the need for a single plan of action?
Which principle of management emphasizes the need for a single plan of action?
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Douglas McGregor's Theory X portrays workers in which manner?
Douglas McGregor's Theory X portrays workers in which manner?
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Gantt's techniques for improving productivity primarily focused on which area?
Gantt's techniques for improving productivity primarily focused on which area?
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The classification scheme devised by the Gilbreths is known as what?
The classification scheme devised by the Gilbreths is known as what?
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A key component of the behavioral approach to management is the focus on:
A key component of the behavioral approach to management is the focus on:
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Study Notes
Theoretical Approaches to Management
- Management has existed for centuries, evidenced by projects like the Egyptian Pyramids and the Great Wall of China.
- Modern management's origins include the division of labor (increasing productivity, as argued by Adam Smith), and the Industrial Revolution (new manufacturing processes and increased demand for managers).
Classical Approach
- Focuses on maximizing organizational and worker efficiency, emphasizing rationality.
- Two key theories: Scientific Management and General Administrative Theory.
Scientific Management
- Developed by Taylor, Gilbreth, and Gantt, focusing on using scientific methods to improve work efficiency.
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Taylor's Scientific Management:
- Established "one best way" for jobs.
- Famous pig iron experiment quadrupled worker output by selecting the right workers, tools, and incentives.
- Key principles:
- Develop a science for each element of a worker's job, replacing old methods.
- Scientifically select, train, and develop workers.
- Establish cordial cooperation between workers and managers.
- Divide work and responsibility equally between management and workers.
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Gilbreth's Contributions:
- Used motion pictures to study hand-and-body motions to reduce waste and fatigue.
- Bricklaying experiments demonstrated the impact of reduced motions on productivity.
- Invented the micro-chronometer to measure worker motion and time
- Developed therbligs, a classification scheme for basic hand motions.
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Gantt's Contributions:
- Developed Gantt charts, visual scheduling tools showing planned and actual output, allowing managers to track progress.
General Administrative Theory
- Focuses on what managers do and what constitutes good management practices.
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Fayol's Contributions:
- Identified five management functions: planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling.
- Developed 14 principles of management, fundamental rules applicable across organizations. - Examples: Division of work, authority, discipline, unity of command, unity of direction, subordination of individual interests to general interest, remuneration, centralization, scalar chain, order, equity, stability of tenure, initiative, esprit de corps.
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Weber's Contributions:
- Developed the concept of bureaucracy, emphasizing specialization, hierarchy, rules, and impersonal relations as key organizational characteristics.
Behavioral Approach
- Emphasizes individual attitudes, behaviors, and group processes in the workplace.
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Early Advocates:
- Münsterberg: Pioneer of industrial psychology, studied worker motivation and selection.
- Follett: Emphasized worker participation and shared goals.
- Chester Barnard: Viewed organizations as systems, emphasizing the informal organization and acceptance theory of authority.
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Hawthorne Studies and Mayo:
- Studies examined the effects of factors like lighting and wages on worker productivity.
- Revealed the "Hawthorne effect," where workers' attitudes toward managers affect productivity.
- Highlighted the importance of social norms and group standards in individual behavior.
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McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y:
- Theory X: Negative assumptions about workers' laziness and avoidance of responsibility.
- Theory Y: Positive assumptions about workers' engagement in their job and willingness to achieve goals.
Quantitative Approach
- Applies quantitative techniques (statistics, models) to improve decision-making in organizations.
- Used in areas like resource allocation and inventory management.
Contemporary Approaches
- Systems Approach: Views organizations as open systems interacting with their environment, with interdependent components.
- Contingency Approach: Recognizes that different organizations and situations require different management approaches. Contingency variables include size, environmental uncertainty, and individual differences.
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Description
Explore the various theoretical frameworks that have shaped management practices over the centuries. From the Classical Approach focusing on efficiency to Scientific Management's principles, this quiz delves into the historical context and key theories that inform modern management. Test your knowledge on the foundations of management theory!
