Questions and Answers
What were Huguenots?
Who was Catherine de Medici?
Regent for her sons in France, a Catholic, and a politique.
Name the sons of Catherine de Medici.
Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III.
What significant event occurred at the wedding of Margaret Valois?
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The House of Valois was a ruling family in France that followed Protestantism.
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What are politiques?
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What happened during the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre?
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Who was Henry of Navarre?
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What was the Catholic Holy League?
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What was the War of the Three Henries?
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What did the Edict of Nantes accomplish?
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Who was Philip II of Habsburg Family?
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What was the Battle of Lepanto?
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What sparked the Dutch Revolt?
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Who led the northern Dutch revolts?
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What were the 'Sea Beggars'?
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What was Elizabeth I's policy towards religion?
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What did the Acts of Supremacy declare?
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What was the purpose of the Act of Uniformity?
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Who was Mary, Queen of Scots?
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What were Puritans?
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Who was Francis Drake?
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What was the Spanish Armada?
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What was the witchcraft craze?
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Study Notes
Huguenots and French Wars of Religion
- Huguenots: French Calvinists opposed to Catholicism, played a significant role in the French Wars of Religion.
- Civil conflicts between Huguenots and Catholics marked this tumultuous period in French history.
Key Figures in the French Monarchy
- Catherine de Medici: Catholic regent for her sons, known for her efforts to achieve a religious compromise amid conflict.
- Francis II, Charles IX, Henry III: Sons of Catherine de Medici, heirs to the French throne; significant players in the Wars of Religion.
- Margaret Valois: Catholic sister of Henry III, married Henry of Navarre; her wedding sparked the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre.
Significant Events and Policies
- Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre: A violent outbreak resulting in 3,000 Huguenots killed over three days, initiated by assassinations of Huguenot leaders.
- War of the Three Henries: Conflict between Henry III, Henry of Navarre, and Henry of Guise; resulted in political intrigue and the eventual rise of Henry of Navarre to the throne.
- Edict of Nantes: Policy that ended religious conflict in France, officially established Catholicism while granting Huguenots freedoms.
The Catholic Church and Militarism
- Catholic Holy League: A coalition of ultra-Catholics aimed at eliminating Protestantism and promoting Henry of Guise’s claim to the throne.
- Philip II of Habsburg: King of Spain who pursued Catholic militantism, aiming for dominance in Europe and the unification of Spain and the Netherlands.
Conflicts and Revolts
- Battle of Lepanto: Naval battle where Spain, led by Philip II, defeated the Turks, a significant victory for Christendom.
- Dutch Revolt: Resistance against Spanish authority in the Netherlands, aimed at freeing northern provinces from religious and economic oppression.
- William of Orange: Leader of the Dutch Revolts, advocated for the unity of provinces while respecting religious differences.
English Reformation and Political Developments
- Elizabeth I: Queen known for her politique approach, emphasized religious toleration and effective foreign policy during the late 1500s.
- Acts of Supremacy: Established Elizabeth I as the supreme governor of the realm, facilitating a compromise between Catholic and Protestant preferences.
- Act of Uniformity: Reinstated Church services per the Book of Common Prayer, tailored to accommodate both Protestant and Catholic practices.
Socio-Political Tensions
- Mary, Queen of Scots: Catholic claimant to the English throne; executed after plots against Elizabeth I.
- Puritans: English Protestants who sought to purify the Church of England from Catholic influences.
- Witchcraft Craze: A consequence of heightened religious tensions, resulting in widespread accusations and persecution of alleged witches, predominantly older women.
Naval Engagements and Conflicts
- Francis Drake: Notorious English privateer who plundered Spanish treasure fleets, contributing to England’s naval reputation.
- The Spanish Armada: A fleet assembled for the invasion of England; ultimately failed due to a storm and effective English defenses.
Overall Context
- The period marked by these events reflects the intersection of religion, politics, and societal unrest across Europe, with significant implications for the future governance and religious landscape.
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Test your knowledge of key terms and figures from the Wars of Religion in Europe with these AP Euro flashcards. Each card provides essential definitions and contextual information to help you understand the complexities of this turbulent period.
