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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the glomeruli in the nephrons?
What is the primary function of the glomeruli in the nephrons?
What is the term for the volume of filtration formed by both kidneys per minute?
What is the term for the volume of filtration formed by both kidneys per minute?
What is the approximate daily volume of fluid filtered by the kidneys?
What is the approximate daily volume of fluid filtered by the kidneys?
Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in the kidney's endocrine functions?
Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in the kidney's endocrine functions?
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What is the primary role of the renal tubules in the nephrons?
What is the primary role of the renal tubules in the nephrons?
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How many filtering units (nephrons) are found in each kidney?
How many filtering units (nephrons) are found in each kidney?
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What is the approximate volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute under resting conditions?
What is the approximate volume of blood pumped by the heart per minute under resting conditions?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
Which of the following is NOT a function of the urinary system?
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What is the name of the process by which the glomeruli filter the blood?
What is the name of the process by which the glomeruli filter the blood?
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What is the location of the kidneys in the body?
What is the location of the kidneys in the body?
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What is the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule?
What is the primary function of the proximal convoluted tubule?
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What percentage of the plasma filters into the Bowman's capsule?
What percentage of the plasma filters into the Bowman's capsule?
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What is the primary function of the loop of Henle?
What is the primary function of the loop of Henle?
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What is the percentage of the kidney's reabsorption of water that can be reabsorbed in the collecting duct system during extreme dehydration?
What is the percentage of the kidney's reabsorption of water that can be reabsorbed in the collecting duct system during extreme dehydration?
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What is the term for the functional unit of the kidney?
What is the term for the functional unit of the kidney?
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What is the term for the tuft of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule?
What is the term for the tuft of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule?
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What is the percentage of the total blood pumped by the heart each minute that will enter the kidneys to undergo filtration?
What is the percentage of the total blood pumped by the heart each minute that will enter the kidneys to undergo filtration?
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What is the term for the process by which waste is removed from the blood?
What is the term for the process by which waste is removed from the blood?
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What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule?
What is the primary function of the distal convoluted tubule?
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What is the term for the remaining waste after filtration, reabsorption, and secretion?
What is the term for the remaining waste after filtration, reabsorption, and secretion?
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What is the primary function of the nephron components in the kidney?
What is the primary function of the nephron components in the kidney?
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Which of the following substances is not typically removed from the blood through the peritubular capillary network into the collecting duct?
Which of the following substances is not typically removed from the blood through the peritubular capillary network into the collecting duct?
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What is the primary mechanism by which the body lowers blood volume?
What is the primary mechanism by which the body lowers blood volume?
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What is the main component of urine besides water?
What is the main component of urine besides water?
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What is the term for the contractions that move urine through the ureters?
What is the term for the contractions that move urine through the ureters?
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What is the term for the opening where the ureters bring urine into the bladder?
What is the term for the opening where the ureters bring urine into the bladder?
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Which of the following lab tests measures the kidney's ability to filter waste?
Which of the following lab tests measures the kidney's ability to filter waste?
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What is the term for the presence of urea in the blood?
What is the term for the presence of urea in the blood?
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Which of the following disorders is not a type of urinary tract infection?
Which of the following disorders is not a type of urinary tract infection?
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What is the term for the muscle that contracts and relaxes to help expel urine from the body?
What is the term for the muscle that contracts and relaxes to help expel urine from the body?
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Study Notes
The Urinary System
- The urinary system has multiple roles, including cleansing the blood, regulating pH, regulating blood pressure, producing erythropoietin (EPO), and synthesizing vitamin D.
- The four major components of the urinary system are the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
The Kidney
- The kidneys are located on either side of the spine and are protected by muscle, fat, and ribs.
- They filter approximately 227 liters of fluid every day, equivalent to a large bathtub.
- The kidneys participate in whole-body homeostasis, regulating acid-base balance, electrolyte concentrations, extracellular fluid volume, and blood pressure.
- Each kidney contains over a million filtering units called nephrons, which consist of glomeruli, renal tubules, and nephrons.
Nephron
- Nephrons are the functional units of the kidney, responsible for balancing plasma to homeostatic set points and excreting potential toxins in the urine.
- The nephron consists of the renal corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting duct system.
- The three principal functions of the nephron are filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
Glomerular Filtration
- Glomerular filtration is the first stage of filtering the blood, where filterable blood components move towards the inside of the glomerulus.
- The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of filtration formed by both kidneys per minute.
- The heart pumps about 5 L of blood per minute under resting conditions.
Renal Tubules
- Renal tubules reabsorb and return water, nutrients, and minerals to the body, while removing waste and excess acid and fluids through diffusion.
- The body sends the remaining waste through the collecting chambers, eventually leaving the body as urine.
Urine Formation
- Urine formation occurs during three processes: filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
- Filtration removes filterable components from the blood, while reabsorption removes molecules and ions into the circulatory system.
- Secretion removes substances such as hydrogen ions, creatinine, and drugs from the blood into the collecting duct.
Ureters
- The ureters are a component of the urinary system, transporting urine from the kidneys to the bladder through regular contractions called peristalsis.
The Bladder
- The bladder is the organ that holds urine until it is ready to be released and then helps to expel it from the body.
- Ureters bring urine to the bladder from the kidneys, passing through the ureterovesical junction.
The Urethra
- The urethra is the tube that lets urine leave the bladder and the body.
Disorders of the Urinary System
- Cystitis: inflammation of the bladder
- Kidney stones
- Nephritis: inflammation of the kidney
- Renal failure
- Uremia: urea in the blood
- Urinary tract infection (UTI)
- Cancer
Lab Tests
- Albumin
- Urea
- Creatinine
- Creatinine Clearance
- Electrolytes
- Osmolality
- Urinalysis
- Urine cultures
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Description
This quiz covers the functions of the urinary system, including waste removal, pH regulation, blood pressure regulation, and production of erythropoietin and vitamin D.
