Urinary (Renal) Physiology

<p>To store urine until it is ready to be expelled</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They get rid of excess water or retain it when necessary</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow urine to leave the body during urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They produce the active form of vitamin D</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kidneys = Filtering the blood and producing urine Ureters = Carrying urine from the kidneys to the bladder Bladder = Storing urine until it is ready to be expelled Urethra = Allowing urine to leave the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excreting waste = Urethra Storing urine = Bladder Regulating blood pH = Kidneys Producing erythropoietin (EPO) = Kidneys‎</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kidneys = Interacting with the digestive system Ureters = Connecting kidneys to the bladder Bladder = Working with the skin and respiratory system Urethra = Expelling waste from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Erythropoietin (EPO) = Stimulating red blood cell production Vitamin D = Regulating calcium levels and bone health Adrenaline = Regulating heart rate and blood pressure Insulin = Regulating blood sugar levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtering the blood = Removing waste and excess ions Regulating blood volume = Maintaining healthy blood pressure Producing urine = Eliminating waste from the body Storing urine = Allowing controlled urination</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kidneys = Essential for filtering the blood and producing urine Ureters = Crucial for carrying urine to the bladder Bladder = Necessary for storing urine Urethra = Vital for expelling urine from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerulus = Filtration of blood Afferent arteriole = Carries blood away from the glomerulus Efferent arteriole = Carries blood to the peritubular capillaries Peritubular capillaries = Surround the nephron and eventually empty into a venule</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Arterioles = Divide into capillaries for filtration Capillaries = Exchange substances with the tubular part of the nephron Venule = Carries filtered blood back to the renal vein Proximal convoluted tubule = Reabsorption of substances from the filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerular capsule = Filters blood Loop of Henle = Reabsorption and secretion of substances Distal convoluted tubule = Regulation of electrolyte balance Proximal convoluted tubule = Reabsorption of nutrients and ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtration = Glomerulus Reabsorption = Proximal convoluted tubule Secretion = Loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule Excretion = Collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal artery = Carries blood to the kidney for filtration Renal vein = Carries filtered blood away from the kidney Afferent arteriole = Carries blood to the glomerulus Efferent arteriole = Carries blood away from the glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerulus = Part of the vascular portion of the nephron Peritubular capillaries = Surround the nephron Proximal convoluted tubule = Part of the tubular portion of the nephron Nephron = Functional unit of the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtration = Remove waste and excess substances Reabsorption = Return substances to the bloodstream Secretion = Remove excess substances from the blood Excretion = Remove waste from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nephron = Microscopic tubule Glomerulus = Critical structure for filtration Arterioles = Divide into smaller vessels Capillaries = Exchange substances with the nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtration = Removes waste and excess substances Reabsorption = Regulates electrolyte balance Secretion = Removes excess substances Excretion = Eliminates waste from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtering and reabsorbing substances in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1,000,000 to 2,000,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, and distal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carrying blood out of the glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reabsorbing substances into the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To retain large substances like proteins and blood cells in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To form the filtration barrier and prevent large substances from passing through</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood flows into Bowman's capsule and generates pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is an important kidney function value</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From the blood into Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It forces fluid out of the blood and into Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Larger substances like proteins and blood cells are retained in the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Podocytes = Help form the filtration barrier and prevent large substances from passing through Capillary epithelial cells = Ensure that large substances are retained in the blood Slit diaphragms = Regulate the amount of fluid forced out of the blood Afferent arteriole = Carry blood into Bowman's capsule</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Afferent arteriole = Control the amount of fluid forced out of the blood Efferent arteriole = Maintain blood pressure Blood pressure = Influence the volume of filtrate produced Hydrostatic pressure = Drive filtration across the glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerulus = A capillary bed where filtration occurs Bowman's capsule = A circular portion surrounding the glomerulus Filtration barrier = Prevents large substances from passing through Hydrostatic pressure = Drives filtration across the glomerulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased hydrostatic pressure = Increase in the volume of filtrate produced Decreased afferent arteriole diameter = Decrease in the amount of fluid forced out of the blood Increased blood pressure = Increase in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) Larger substances in the blood = Prevented from crossing the filtration barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerulus = Site of filtration in the nephron Afferent arteriole = Carries blood into Bowman's capsule Podocytes = Help form the filtration barrier Efferent arteriole = Carries filtered blood out of the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Podocytes = Help form the filtration barrier Capillary epithelial cells = Ensure that large substances are retained in the blood Slit diaphragms = Regulate the amount of fluid forced out of the blood Increased hydrostatic pressure = Strengthen the filtration barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerulus = Site of filtration Bowman's capsule = Collects the filtrate Afferent arteriole = Carries blood into the glomerulus Efferent arteriole = Carries filtered blood out of the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) = Volume of filtrate produced per unit of time Hydrostatic pressure = Drives filtration across the glomerulus Filtration barrier = Prevents large substances from passing through Bowman's capsule = Collects the filtrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>65%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases urine production and causes dehydration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal plasma threshold</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolites</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reabsorption of most substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>180 liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased urine production</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases urine production and causes dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1-2 liters</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtration = Removal of waste and excess substances Reabsorption = Conservation of water and electrolytes Secretion = Excretion of toxic substances Excretion = Removal of excess substances from the blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule = Reabsorption of water and ions Bowman's capsule = Filtration of blood Loop of Henle = Concentration of urine Distal convoluted tubule = Regulation of electrolyte balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal plasma threshold = Minimum plasma concentration for excretion Diuresis = Increased urine production Glomerular filtration rate = Rate of blood filtration by the kidneys Dehydration = Excessive loss of water from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerulus = Blood filtration Proximal convoluted tubule = Reabsorption of water and ions Loop of Henle = Concentration of urine Collecting duct = Storage of urine</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To reabsorb water and salt</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADH (antidiuretic hormone)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It plays a crucial role in water conservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Into the peritubular capillaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water is drawn out of the descending limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A longer loop of Henle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salt moves out of the ascending limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descending limb = Water can move out, but salt cannot Ascending limb = Salt can move out, but water cannot Collecting duct = Both water and salt can move out Loop of Henle = Both water and salt cannot move out</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule = Reabsorption and secretion Loop of Henle = Water conservation Glomerulus = Filtration Collecting duct = Urine formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary active transport = Pump sodium out of the ascending limb Facilitated diffusion = Move chloride ions out of the ascending limb Countercurrent multiplier system = Reabsorb water from the collecting duct Peritubular capillaries = Draw water out of the descending limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertonic = Enable reabsorption of water from the collecting duct Hypotonic = Disable reabsorption of water from the collecting duct Isotonic = No effect on reabsorption of water from the collecting duct Hyperosmotic = Increase efficiency of water conservation in desert animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Water = 15% in the loop of Henle Salt = Reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule Glucose = Completely reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule Urea = Minimal reabsorption in the nephron</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADH = Regulates water reabsorption in the collecting duct Aldosterone = Regulates salt reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule Insulin = Regulates glucose reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule Parathyroid hormone = Regulates calcium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ascending limb = Pump sodium out of the limb Descending limb = Draw water out of the limb Collecting duct = Reabsorb water into the bloodstream Peritubular capillaries = Reabsorb water from the descending limb</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate electrolyte levels, which in turn affects blood volume and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The kidneys respond by increasing the secretion of hydrogen ions, making the urine more acidic</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extra water reabsorption occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To regulate blood pH by controlling hydrogen ions and bicarbonate levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Permeable to salt, allowing for salt reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Affects blood volume and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Permeable to water, allowing for water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulate the reabsorption of electrolytes, such as sodium and potassium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerulus = Filtration Proximal convoluted tubule = Reabsorption and secretion Loop of Henle = Water and salt reabsorption Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct = Electrolyte regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Descending limb of the loop of Henle = Permeable to water Ascending limb of the loop of Henle = Permeable to salt Proximal convoluted tubule = Permeable to glucose and amino acids Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct = Permeable to electrolytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtration = Remove waste and excess substances from the blood Reabsorption = Recover useful substances from the filtrate Secretion = Add substances from the blood into the filtrate Excretion = Eliminate waste and excess substances from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule = Filtration site Proximal convoluted tubule and peritubular capillaries = Reabsorption site Loop of Henle and collecting duct = Water and electrolyte regulation site Distal convoluted tubule and juxtaglomerular apparatus = Electrolyte regulation site</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerulus = Filtering the blood Proximal convoluted tubule = Reabsorbing useful substances Loop of Henle = Regulating water and electrolytes Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct = Regulating electrolyte levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filtration = Removing waste and excess substances Reabsorption = Conserving useful substances Secretion = Eliminating toxins Excretion = Regulating blood pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proximal convoluted tubule = Regulating bicarbonate levels Loop of Henle = Regulating hydrogen ion levels Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct = Regulating electrolyte balance Glomerulus = Regulating blood pH indirectly</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased blood osmolarity or dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To dilute saltiness and counteract dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasoconstriction</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for significant water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasopressin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Osmoreceptors = Detect changes in blood osmolarity Hypothalamus = Regulate blood water levels and release ADH Posterior pituitary gland = Store and release ADH Kidney's collecting duct = Reabsorb water in response to ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insertion of aquaporins = Collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule Vasoconstriction = Blood vessels Increased blood pressure = Entire kidney and blood vessels Significant water reabsorption = Hyperosmotic medulla of the kidney</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vasopressin = Another name for ADH Osmolarity = Concentration of solutes in the blood Aquaporins = Water channels in the kidney's collecting duct Dehydration = State of low blood volume and high blood osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypothalamus = Control center for regulating blood water levels Osmoreceptors = Detect changes in blood osmolarity ADH = Regulates water reabsorption in the kidney Kidney's collecting duct = Reabsorbs water in response to ADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic elevation of blood pressure = Leads to hypertension Increased blood volume = Increases blood pressure Dehydration = Triggers the release of ADH Vasopressin = Causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypothalamus = Regulates blood water levels and releases ADH Posterior pituitary gland = Stores and releases ADH Kidney's collecting duct = Reabsorbs water in response to ADH Brain = Contains osmoreceptors that detect changes in blood osmolarity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADH = Increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct Chronic high sodium levels = Contributes to hypertension Dehydration = Triggers the release of ADH Vasopressin = Causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mineralocorticoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases potassium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Release of renin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased sodium reabsorption and water reabsorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated potassium levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rennin-angiotensin-aldosterone system</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases blood volume and blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldosterone = Increases blood volume and blood pressure Angiotensin II = Causes vasoconstriction and increases blood pressure Renin = Converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I ADH = Increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renin = Converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I Angiotensin II = Causes vasoconstriction and stimulates aldosterone release Aldosterone = Regulates sodium and potassium levels in the blood Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) = Converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Drop in blood volume and blood pressure = Release of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex Elevated potassium levels in the blood = Release of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex Increased angiotensin II levels = Stimulation of aldosterone release Decreased blood pressure = Release of ADH by the hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renin = Juxtaglomerular complex Angiotensin II = Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) Aldosterone = Adrenal cortex Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) = Lung vascular endothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases blood pressure = Vasoconstriction by angiotensin II Increases blood volume = Sodium and water reabsorption by aldosterone Regulates electrolyte balance = Maintains homeostasis Decreases blood pressure = Vasodilation by nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers