The Union Government: The Judiciary

The branch of government responsible for interpreting laws and ensuring justice is served.

The power of the judiciary to operate independently, free from influence by other branches of government.

Legal cases that involve disputes between individuals or organizations, concerning property, contracts, or personal rights.

Legal cases that involve criminal offenses against society, such as theft, assault, or murder.

The first report filed with the police when a crime is reported, providing initial details about the incident.

The highest court in India, responsible for interpreting the Constitution and ensuring justice across the country.

Courts located within each state, responsible for handling legal matters within their respective jurisdictions.

The lowest level of courts in India, dealing with local cases and supervised by the High Court.

The Supreme Court is the final court of appeal and protector of the Indian Constitution.

The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and a maximum of 31 other judges.

The President appoints Supreme Court judges based on recommendations from the Collegium System, consisting of the Chief Justice and four senior judges.

A High Court in India operates under the supervision of the Supreme Court and is part of the integrated judicial system.

Each High Court has a Chief Justice and other judges, with the number varying based on the state's size and population.

The President appoints the Chief Justice of a High Court in consultation with the Chief Justice of India and the relevant state's Governor.

A judge of a High Court must be a citizen of India, an advocate with 10+ years of experience, or a distinguished jurist.

The Supreme Court can hear and decide disputes between the central government and one or more states, between the central government and a group of states on one side and another group of states on the other, or between two or more states.

The Chief Justice and other judges of the Supreme Court serve until they reach the age of 65. They can only be removed from office through impeachment, a process involving both houses of Parliament.

The Chief Justice of India receives a monthly salary of 2.8 lakh rupees, while other judges receive 2.5 lakhs. They also get benefits like official residences, leave, and pensions.

A judge of a High Court can serve until the age of 62. They can be removed through impeachment by the President, based on a resolution passed by both houses of Parliament.

The Chief Justice of a High Court earns 2.5 lakh rupees per month, while other judges earn 2.25 lakhs. They also have benefits like official residences, cars, and other allowances.

Judges of the High Court can practice law after retiring, but only in the High Court or Supreme Court, not in lower courts.

High Courts have limited original jurisdiction, primarily in cases involving violation of fundamental rights, disputes related to elections of MPs or MLAs, and other specific matters.

A High Court judge can be appointed as a judge in the Supreme Court.

The Supreme Court has the power to hear appeals from lower courts on matters related to the Constitution, civil and criminal cases, including death sentences, and can review its own previous decisions.

The High Court hears appeals on civil and criminal cases against lower court decisions, also handling cases like marriage, divorce, and wills.

The Supreme Court can provide its opinion on matters of law or the Constitution when requested by the President of India. Its opinion is not binding, meaning the President doesn't have to follow it.

The President of India can ask the Supreme Court for its opinion on legal or constitutional matters.

This power allows the Supreme Court to oversee the functioning of all lower courts in the country.

The High Court has control over all lower courts in its state, ensuring their proper operation.

The judgments of the High Court are considered authoritative and set precedents for similar cases in the future.

Proceedings of the courts are carefully preserved, allowing them to be used as precedents in future cases.

Decisions made by higher courts that lower courts must follow.

The power of the Supreme Court to review and invalidate laws or executive actions that violate the Constitution.

The Supreme Court of India is responsible for protecting and enforcing the fundamental rights of citizens.

The Supreme Court acts as the final interpreter of the Constitution, ensuring all branches of government follow its provisions.

Lower courts at the district level and below, supervised by the High Court.

Courts that handle disputes between individuals or organizations regarding property, contracts, or personal rights.

Courts that deal with criminal offenses such as theft, assault, or murder.

Courts that handle cases related to land revenue and related matters.

Courts that deal with matters related to families, such as divorce or child custody.

The lowest level of courts in India, primarily handling local cases and supervised by the High Court.

A legal case initiated by someone from the public, even if they are not directly involved, to address a matter of public interest.

People's Courts that aim to provide fast and affordable justice by settling disputes through compromise and mutual agreement.

These courts handle cases related to revenue matters, like land disputes and taxes.

These courts handle cases related to revenue matters, like land disputes and taxes.