Tuberculosis Transmission and Risk Factors Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries?

  • Malaria
  • HIV/AIDS
  • Pneumonia
  • Tuberculosis (correct)

    • Which organ system can tuberculosis affect?

  • Genitourinary system (correct)
  • Endocrine system
  • Musculoskeletal system
  • Cardiovascular system

    • What is the worldwide prevalence of TB in children?

  • 5 million
  • 2 million
  • 8 - 10 million (correct)
  • 12 million

    • What is the incidence of TB in Nigeria according to the 2012 survey?

    <p>338/100,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mainstay of treatment for tuberculosis?

    <p>Combination chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of treatment for tuberculosis lasts for 2 months?

    <p>Intensive phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anti-TB drug is associated with orange discoloration of urine and tears?

    <p>Rifampicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug regimen is used in some countries for tuberculosis treatment?

    <p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of directly observed tuberculosis treatment (DOTS) strategy?

    <p>Enforce compliance with drug regimen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which drug is more specific to M. tuberculosis and is used in the continuation phase of treatment?

    <p>Rifampicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of treatment for tuberculosis are steroids like prednisolone used as adjuncts?

    <p>Intensive phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the indications for steroid therapy in tuberculosis?

    <p>TB meningitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group is considered a risk factor for tuberculosis?

    <p>Below 5 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is NOT commonly affected by tuberculosis?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common form of tuberculosis?

    <p>Pulmonary TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT a risk factor for tuberculosis?

    <p>Hypertension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rare but most common TB bone disease in children called?

    <p>Pott's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common form of extra-pulmonary TB infection?

    <p>TB adenitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What investigation is NOT involved in the diagnosis of TB of the central nervous system?

    <p>Blood glucose test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a clinical feature of TB?

    <p>Localized wheezing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of global TB cases involving extra-pulmonary TB affecting abdominal organs?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for TB involving the intestines, peritoneum, liver, or abdominal lymph nodes?

    <p>Gastrointestinal TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for TB affecting the central nervous system as either TB meningitis or a tuberculoma?

    <p>Central nervous system TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, which includes M. tuberculosis, M. bovis, and M. africanus

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tuberculosis is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    More than 33% of HIV infected children may develop tuberculosis

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TB meningitis is not an indication for steroid therapy in TB

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The intensive phase of tuberculosis treatment lasts for 4 months

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Isoniazid and rifampicin are not used in the continuation phase of tuberculosis treatment

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pyrazinamide is associated with hepatotoxicity as a common side effect

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ethambutol is associated with peripheral neuritis as a common side effect

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Streptomycin is not associated with ototoxicity as a common side effect

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    BCG vaccination is a part of the prevention strategies for tuberculosis

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Improvement in the general standard of living is not considered a preventive measure for tuberculosis

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TB is primarily transmitted through ingestion of unpasteurized milk from infected cattle

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TB spine, also known as Pott's disease, primarily affects the cervical vertebrae

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tuberculosis can only affect the lungs and pleura

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Miliary TB is a form of TB that is not disseminated throughout the body

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Mantoux test is used for TB diagnosis, with interpretation based on the size of the induration

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TB adenitis is the most common form of extra-pulmonary TB infection

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gastrointestinal TB is the most common form of extra-pulmonary TB

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TB of the central nervous system may occur as TB meningitis or a tuberculoma

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TB involving abdominal organs may occur in isolation and is not associated with pulmonary TB

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tuberculosis is only transmitted through prolonged contact with untreated adult cases

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    TB can affect the genitourinary systems

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pulmonary TB is the least common form of TB

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following organs/systems with their potential involvement in tuberculosis:

    <p>Lungs = Most communicable form of TB CNS = May be affected by TB Liver = Potential organ system affected by TB Gastrointestinal tract = May be affected by TB</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following epidemiological data with their corresponding regions:

    <p>8 – 10 million people develop tuberculosis annually worldwide = Global prevalence of TB 1,600,000 people died from TB in 2017, 300,00 of this no were PLHIV = Global mortality from TB According to 2012 survey, incidence is 338/100,000, 6th among 30 high burden countries = Nigeria's TB incidence More than 33% OF HIV infected children may develop TB = TB and HIV in sub-Saharan Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following statements with their corresponding facts about tuberculosis:

    <p>TB is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex = M. bovis is part of the M. tuberculosis complex TB is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries = 1,000,000 children were infected with TB in 2014 TB may affect almost any organ system = TB adenitis is the most common form of extra-pulmonary TB infection Nigeria is 1st in Africa in terms of TB incidence = Only 15% of estimated TB cases are notified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following TB statistics with their corresponding information:

    <p>400 children die daily from TB = Global TB mortality in children 1,000,000 children were infected with TB in 2014 = Global TB incidence in children According to 2012 survey, incidence is 338/100,000, 6th among 30 high burden countries = Nigeria's TB incidence 1,600,000 people died from TB in 2017, 300,00 of this no were PLHIV = Global TB mortality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following TB diagnostic methods with their descriptions:

    <p>AFB Microscopy = Microscopic examination of sputum for acid-fast bacilli LJ Medium = Lowenstein-Jensen medium for culturing Mycobacterium tuberculosis MGIT Medium = Mycobacteria Growth Indicator Tube medium for culturing Mycobacterium tuberculosis Gene Xpert = Rapid molecular test for detecting MTB and rifampicin resistance, provides results in 2 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following TB drug side effects with the corresponding drug:

    <p>Orange discoloration of urine and tears = Rifampicin Peripheral neuritis = Isoniazid Optic neuritis = Ethambutol Ototoxicity &amp; nephrotoxicity = Streptomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following TB drug regimens with the corresponding phase of treatment:

    <p>Intensive phase - 2 months = Tabs Isoniazid 10mg/kg/day, Cap rifampicin 15mg/kg/day, Tab pyrazinamide 30mg/kg/day, tabs Ethambutol 15mg/kg/day, Streptomycin 20mg/kg/day Continuation phase - 4-8 months = Corticosteroids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following TB sites with their typical clinical features:

    <p>Abdomen = Abdominal distension Central nervous system = TB meningitis or tuberculoma Lungs = Cough and hemoptysis Bones and joints = Chronic cough</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following TB sites with their natural history duration:

    <p>Pulmonary TB = Few months TB adenitis = 3-9 months Miliary and meningeal TB = 2-6 months Bones and joints = Several years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following investigations with their role in TB diagnosis:

    <p>Mantoux test = Indication of TB infection Sputum AFB microscopy = Microscopic detection of TB bacilli Chest X-ray = Radiological assessment of lung involvement TB gold test = Immunological detection of TB infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following TB forms with their primary usage of anti-TB drugs:

    <p>Pulmonary TB = Isoniazid and rifampicin Gastrointestinal TB = Ethambutol and pyrazinamide TB spine = Streptomycin and ethambutol TB adenitis = Isoniazid and rifampicin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Tuberculosis Transmission and Risk Factors

    • Tuberculosis (TB) is transmitted through airborne droplet nuclei released from a person with untreated pulmonary TB (PTB), and through ingestion of unpasteurized milk from infected cattle.
    • Risk factors for TB include age below 5 or above 14 years, contact with adults with chronic cough, birth in endemic countries or IDP camps, malnutrition, poverty, HIV infection, measles, pertussis, diabetes, and other immunosuppressive conditions.
    • Common sites of TB disease include the lungs, pleura, abdomen, central nervous system, lymph nodes, genitourinary systems, bones and joints, and disseminated (miliary TB).
    • The natural history of TB varies, with different forms of TB having different timetables for progression, ranging from a few months to over 10 years.
    • Clinical features of TB depend largely on the site of infection and may include weight loss, anorexia, night sweats, generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, cough, pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis, neck swelling, abdominal distension, abdominal pain, and ascites.
    • Pulmonary TB is the most common form, occurring alone in 90% of cases or in combination with other forms in over 70% of cases.
    • Common symptoms of pulmonary TB include cough lasting 3 weeks, low-grade continuous fever, anorexia, weight loss, night sweats, pleuritic chest pain, and hemoptysis.
    • Common signs on respiratory system examination for pulmonary TB include dyspnea, tachypnea, dull percussion notes, increased tactile fremitus, localized wheezing, decreased breath sounds, rales, and bronchial breath sounds.
    • TB spine, also known as Pott's disease, is the rare but most common TB bone disease in children, which can lead to lytic destruction of the vertebrae and clinical findings such as gibbus, reduced power in the lower limbs, and brisk reflexes.
    • TB adenitis is the most common form of extra-pulmonary TB infection, characterized by chronic granulomatous inflammation of the lymph nodes with caseation necrosis forming a tuberculous granuloma often close to the collar bone.
    • Extra-pulmonary TB involving abdominal organs such as intestines, peritoneum, liver, or abdominal lymph nodes accounts for about 5% of global TB cases, with gastrointestinal TB being the most common form.
    • TB of the central nervous system may occur as TB meningitis or a tuberculoma, and diagnosis involves specific investigations such as FBC ESR, Mantoux, sputum AFB microscopy, chest X-ray, biopsy, histology, abdominal USS, LP/CT/MRI, TB gold test, GeneXpert, PCR, and culture of specimens.

    Tuberculosis: Causes, Transmission, and Clinical Features

    • Tuberculosis (TB) is transmitted through airborne droplet nuclei released by coughing, spitting, or sneezing of TB bacilli, with primary infection in children often following prolonged contact with untreated adult cases.
    • TB can also be transmitted through ingestion of unpasteurized milk from infected cattle, and risk factors for TB include age, contact with chronic cough, birth in an endemic country, malnutrition, poverty, HIV infection, and other immunosuppressive conditions.
    • Common sites of TB disease include the lungs, pleura, abdomen, central nervous system, lymph nodes, genitourinary systems, bones and joints, and disseminated (miliary TB).
    • The natural history of TB includes different timetables for various forms of the disease, such as pulmonary TB (PTB), miliary and meningeal TB, TB adenitis, and others.
    • Clinical features of TB largely depend on the site of infection, with constitutional symptoms and signs including weight loss, anorexia, night sweats, generalized lymphadenopathy, fever, cough, pleuritic chest pain, and specific findings like neck swelling and abdominal distension.
    • Pulmonary TB is the most common form of TB and can occur alone or in combination with other forms, with upper lung lobes affected more frequently than lower lobes.
    • Symptoms of pulmonary TB include cough, fever, anorexia, weight loss, night sweats, pleuritic chest pain, and signs on respiratory system examination such as dyspnea, tachypnea, dull percussion notes, and decreased breath sounds.
    • TB spine, also known as Pott's disease, is a rare but common bone disease in children, typically affecting the lower thoracic vertebrae, lumbar, upper thoracic, and sacral regions, with clinical findings including gibbus and reduced power in the lower limbs.
    • TB adenitis is the most common form of extra-pulmonary TB infection, characterized by chronic granulomatous inflammation of lymph nodes with caseation necrosis forming a tuberculous granuloma often close to the collar bone.
    • Extra-pulmonary TB involving abdominal organs may occur in isolation or alongside pulmonary TB, with gastrointestinal TB being the most common form and the ileocecal junction the most involved region.
    • TB of the central nervous system may occur as TB meningitis or a tuberculoma, and diagnosis includes specific investigations such as FBC ESR, Mantoux, sputum AFB microscopy, chest X-ray, biopsy, histology, abdominal USS, LP/CT/MRI, TB gold test, GeneXpert, PCR, and culture of specimens.
    • The Mantoux test is used for TB diagnosis, with interpretation based on the size of the induration, with positive results indicating TB infection, particularly in high-risk groups such as HIV-infected children and severely malnourished children.

    Tuberculosis: Key Points

    • Tuberculosis (TB) can be transmitted through airborne droplets released by untreated adult pulmonary TB (PTB) cases, or through ingestion of unpasteurized milk from infected cattle.
    • Risk factors for TB include age below 5 years or above 14 years, contact with a chronic cough, birth in an endemic country, malnutrition, poverty, HIV infection, and other immunosuppressive conditions.
    • Common sites of TB disease include the lungs, pleura, abdomen, central nervous system, lymph nodes, genitourinary systems, bones and joints, and disseminated (miliary TB).
    • The natural history of TB varies, with PTB taking a few months, miliary and meningeal TB taking 2-6 months, TB adenitis taking 3-9 months, and bones and joints taking several years.
    • Clinical features of TB depend on the site of infection and may include weight loss, anorexia, night sweats, fever, cough, pleuritic chest pain, hemoptysis, neck swelling, and abdominal distension.
    • Pulmonary TB is the most common form, occurring alone or in combination with other forms in more than 70% of cases, and often presents with cough, fever, anorexia, weight loss, night sweats, and pleuritic chest pain.
    • TB spine, also known as Pott's disease, is the rare but most common TB bone disease in children, and often affects the lower thoracic vertebrae.
    • TB adenitis is the most common form of extrapulmonary TB infection, characterized by chronic granulomatous inflammation of lymph nodes and cold abscess formation.
    • TB abdomen involves abdominal organs such as intestines, peritoneum, liver, or abdominal lymph nodes, with gastrointestinal TB being the most common form.
    • TB of the central nervous system may occur as TB meningitis or a tuberculoma.
    • Diagnosis of TB involves specific investigations such as FBC, ESR, Mantoux test, sputum AFB microscopy, chest X-ray, biopsy and histology, abdominal USS, LP/CT/MRI, TB gold test, GeneXpert, PCR, and culture of specimens.
    • Mantoux test interpretation varies with 0-4mm indicating a negative result, 5-9mm borderline, and ≥10mm positive, irrespective of BCG vaccination status.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of tuberculosis transmission and risk factors with this quiz. Learn about the various forms of TB, common symptoms, clinical features, and specific investigations for diagnosis. Understand the risk factors associated with TB and how it is transmitted, including through airborne droplet nuclei and ingestion of unpasteurized milk from infected cattle.

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