30 Questions
Which blood vessels have the lowest pressure and vascular resistance?
Pulmonary veins
What is the primary goal of the pulmonary circulation?
To carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
Which blood vessel receives output from the left ventricle?
Aorta
What is the purpose of blood flow redistribution during exercise?
To direct blood to areas with greater metabolic need
Which layer of blood vessels is composed of concentric layers of smooth muscle cells?
Tunica media
Which type of blood vessels have uniquely thin walls composed of only endothelial cells and basement membrane?
Capillaries
What is the primary site of systemic vascular resistance in the circulatory system?
Arterioles
What is the relationship between wall tension (T), pressure (P), and radius (r) in blood vessels?
T = P/r
Which of the following is the main factor controlling vascular resistance on a minute-to-minute basis?
Radius of the vessel
Which site represents the primary site of vascular resistance maintaining normal blood pressure?
Resistance arterioles
Which of the following hormones is responsible for vasoconstriction and increasing blood pressure?
Angiotensin II
Which endothelium-derived vasodilator plays a role in maintaining normal blood flow?
Prostacyclin (PGI2)
Which mediator is responsible for preventing orthostatic hypotension?
Epinephrine
Which mediator is primarily responsible for sodium and blood volume regulation?
Angiotensin II
Which mediator plays a major role in water conservation by the kidneys?
Vasopressin
Which mediator is released from white blood cells in the process of inflammatory responses?
PGD2
Which hypothesis of autoregulation suggests that decreased pressure and flow result in buildup of vasodilator metabolites that produce vasodilation, while increased pressure and flow wash out vasodilator metabolites, producing vasoconstriction?
Metabolic hypothesis
What is the key regulator of adrenal aldosterone secretion?
Angiotensin II
Which receptor is activated by vasopressin (AVP) to cause vasoconstriction?
V1
Which second messenger is involved in the vasodilation mediated by nitric oxide (NO)?
cGMP
According to the Law of Laplace, which of the following occurs when the arterial wall weakens in response to increased pressure?
Aneurysm
Which type of blood vessels are less compliant than veins but are subjected to greater pressure changes as they receive the stroke volume of the heart during systole?
Arteries
Which blood vessels contain an abundance of elastic fibers that stretch during systole and return to their original shape and size during diastole?
Arteries
Which of the following is the most important biochemical mediator produced by endothelial cells and smooth muscle layers, promoting vasodilation, maintaining vessel patency, and lowering blood pressure?
Nitric oxide (NO)
Which of the following is the most likely cause of the 32-year-old female's fainting spell?
Increased firing of parasympathetic fibers to the heart
Which of the following baroreflex compensatory responses will not occur in response to an acute drop in blood pressure?
Increased firing of sympathetic nerves to the kidney stimulating renin release
Which of the following is a possible cause of primary hypertension?
Coarctation of the aorta
Which of the following is a possible cause of secondary hypertension?
Renal disease
Which of the following hypotheses of origin for hypertension predicts vasoconstriction by generalized autoregulation?
Initial defect in sodium and water retention
Which of the following hypotheses of origin for hypertension involves increased sympathetic tone and RAAS activity?
Chronically increased sympathetic tone
Test your knowledge on the major functions and regulatory mechanisms of the sympathetic vasoconstrictor mediator in the body. Explore how it plays a role in resistance and regulation in both health and disease. Learn about the circadian rhythm of blood levels, its impact on blood pressure, and the role of epinephrine in preventing orthostatic hypotension.
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