30 Questions
Which blood vessels carry oxygenated blood back to the left atrium?
Pulmonary veins
What is the primary goal of the pulmonary circulation?
To oxygenate blood and remove carbon dioxide
Which part of the vascular system has lower pressure and vascular resistance compared to the systemic circuit?
Pulmonary circulation
What is the purpose of blood flow redistribution during exercise and rest?
To ensure blood is directed to areas with greater metabolic need
Which layer of blood vessels is composed of concentric layers of smooth muscle cells?
Tunica media
Which of the following statements about blood flow during exercise is true?
Redistribution of blood flow is an adaptive mechanism that ensures that blood is being directed to areas with greater metabolic need during times of increased activity
Which type of blood vessels have uniquely thin walls composed of only endothelial cells and basement membrane?
Capillaries
Which of the following statements about large arteries is true?
Large arteries have thicker walls compared with veins of similar size
Which mediator is responsible for preventing orthostatic hypotension?
Epinephrine
Which mediator is responsible for reducing circulating volume by stimulating natriuresis and diuresis?
Atrial natriuretic peptide/BNP
Which mediator is targeted by the heart failure drug sacubitril?
Atrial natriuretic peptide/BNP
Which mediator is tonically produced by normal endothelial cells and promotes vasodilation?
Nitric oxide (NO)
Which of the following factors is the main determinant of vascular resistance on a minute-to-minute basis?
Radius of the vessel
Which of the following represents the greatest amount of resistance in the systemic circulation?
Arterioles
Which of the following statements is true regarding the dual role of arterioles?
Vasodilation reduces arteriolar resistance
Which of the following is NOT a short-term regulator of blood pressure?
Nitric oxide
Which hypothesis of autoregulation suggests that decreased pressure and flow result in buildup of vasodilator metabolites that produce vasodilation, while increased pressure and flow wash out vasodilator metabolites, producing vasoconstriction?
Metabolic hypothesis
Which hormone is secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the nephrons in response to low blood pressure?
Renin
Which enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
ACE
Which receptor is activated by vasopressin, leading to vasoconstriction?
V1 receptor
Which of the following occurs when the arterial wall weakens in response to increased pressure, causing a viscous cycle of dilation, increased radius, increased tension, and ultimately a weakened wall?
Aneurysm
Which of the following is true about blood flow velocity and cross-sectional area?
Blood flow velocity and cross-sectional area are inversely related
What is the most important biochemical mediator for maintaining vessel patency and vascular wall health, and lowering blood pressure?
Nitric oxide
Which of the following is a major pathophysiological change associated with the abundance of sympathetic nervous system activity in arterioles?
Hypertension
Which of the following is a baroreflex compensatory response to an acute drop in blood pressure?
Increased firing of sympathetic fibers to vascular smooth muscle
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the sinoatrial node?
Increases heart rate
What is the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the cardiac ventricles?
Increases contractility
What is the effect of sympathetic vasoconstrictor activity on vascular smooth muscle?
Increases peripheral resistance
What is the most likely cause of the patient's spell?
Vasovagal Syncope
What are the two hypotheses of origin for hypertension?
Initial defect in sodium and water retention
Test your knowledge on the major functions and regulatory mechanisms of the sympathetic vasoconstrictor mediator in the body. Explore how it plays a role in resistance and regulation in both health and disease. Learn about the circadian rhythm of blood levels, its impact on blood pressure, and the role of epinephrine in preventing orthostatic hypotension.
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