Questions and Answers
Which layer of the skin contains the Stratum Basale?
Epidermis
Which type of muscle is found in the walls of blood vessels?
Smooth Muscle
Which type of bone tissue contains trabeculae?
Spongy bone
Which layer of the skin contains millions of nerve endings?
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What is the function of sweat glands in the skin?
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Which cells produce the skin pigment melanin?
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What is the function of tyrosinase in melanocytes?
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Which pigment is found in red hair?
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What is the most reliable feature of melanocytes?
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What is the role of Merkel cells in the epidermis?
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Where are melanocytes derived from?
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Which layer of the epidermis is mainly composed of dead cells filled with keratin?
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Which epidermal cell type is responsible for producing the body's supply of Vitamin D?
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Which epidermal cell type is responsible for producing a protective pigmentation to protect the body against excessive exposure from the sun?
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Which layer of the epidermis is only found in thick skin?
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Which layer of the skin regulates body temperature by constricting or dilating blood vessels?
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Which epidermal cell type is responsible for presenting antigens to the immune system?
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Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by the presence of keratohyalin granules?
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What is the distinguishing feature of the stratum granulosum?
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Which layer of the epidermis is composed of several layers of living cells capable of cell division?
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What is the function of melanocytes in the epidermis?
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Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by the presence of bodies of large size that stain intensely with basic dyes?
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What is the function of langerhans cells in the epidermis?
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Which layer of the skin is responsible for the formation of the ridges in fingerprints and footprints?
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What type of collagen is mainly found in the dermis?
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What is the main function of the arrector pili muscles?
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Which layer of the skin is responsible for the "goose-flesh" sensation when exposed to a cold environment?
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What is the main component of the space between the fibers in the dermis?
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Which layer of the skin is composed of adipose and connective tissue?
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Which layer of the skin is responsible for regulating body temperature by constricting or dilating blood vessels?
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Study Notes
Integumentary System
- Composition:
- Skin (largest organ of the body, 16% of body weight)
- Accessory structures: hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands
- Functions:
- Protection against invasion by bacteria and other harmful agents
- Inhibition of excessive water and electrolyte loss
- Production of Vitamin D
- Regulation of body temperature
- Medium to dark-colored skin provides protection against excessive sunlight exposure and reduces risk of malignancy
Skin Layers
- Epidermis:
- Thin skin (elsewhere in the body): 4 layers
- Thick skin (on palms and soles): 5 layers
- Strata: corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
- Dermis (corium):
- Papillary layer
- Reticular layer
- Contains: lymphatics, nerves, nerve endings, blood vessels, sebaceous and sweat glands, elastic fibers, hair follicles
Epidermal Layers
- Stratum corneum:
- Most superficial or outermost layer
- Composed of dead cells filled with keratin
- Thicker on soles of feet than on eyelids
- Stratum lucidum:
- Found only in thick skin
- Cells are dead or dying
- Translucent layer lying directly beneath stratum corneum
- Stratum granulosum:
- One or more layers of cells starting to die and become hard
- Presence of keratohyalin granules
- Contains lamellar granules that occupy 15% of cytoplasmic volume
- Stratum spinosum:
- Has intercellular bridges
- Cells are larger and more flattened than stratum spinosum
- Stratum basale (germinativum):
- Innermost layer of the epidermis
- Composed of several layers of living cells capable of cell division
- Contains melanin
Epidermal Cells
- Melanocytes:
- Produce skin pigment melanin
- Presence of tyrosinase enzyme
- Found in stratum basale and scattered throughout epidermis
- Langerhans cells:
- Similar to macrophages
- Participate in body's immune responses
- Found in upper layers of stratum spinosum
- Merkel cells:
- Found in basal layers of epidermis
- Role in sensory perception
- Forms Merkel cell-neurite complexes with afferent nerves
Dermis
- Papillary layer:
- Upper part of the dermis
- Thin layer of loose connective tissue
- Contains: lymphatics, nerves, nerve endings, blood vessels, sebaceous and sweat glands
- Reticular layer:
- Thicker layer of dense connective tissue
- Composed of collagen and elastic fibers
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