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Questions and Answers
Meissner's corpuscles are sensory receptors that detect pain.
Meissner's corpuscles are sensory receptors that detect pain.
False (B)
Pacini corpuscles are responsible for detecting vibrations.
Pacini corpuscles are responsible for detecting vibrations.
True (A)
The hypodermis is also known as the superficial fascia.
The hypodermis is also known as the superficial fascia.
True (A)
The dermis is the outermost layer of the skin.
The dermis is the outermost layer of the skin.
Langerhans cells are found in the dermis.
Langerhans cells are found in the dermis.
Sebaceous glands are responsible for producing sweat.
Sebaceous glands are responsible for producing sweat.
The anagen phase of hair growth is the resting phase.
The anagen phase of hair growth is the resting phase.
The telogen phase of hair growth is the phase of apoptosis.
The telogen phase of hair growth is the phase of apoptosis.
Apocrine sweat glands are found only in the axillary and perineal regions.
Apocrine sweat glands are found only in the axillary and perineal regions.
The hair follicle resting phase is known as anagen.
The hair follicle resting phase is known as anagen.
The external epithelial hair root sheath is composed of stratified squamous epithelium.
The external epithelial hair root sheath is composed of stratified squamous epithelium.
Myoepithelial cells are a type of epithelial cell.
Myoepithelial cells are a type of epithelial cell.
The pilo-sebaceous unit is composed of a hair follicle and a sweat gland.
The pilo-sebaceous unit is composed of a hair follicle and a sweat gland.
The hair cuticle is the outermost layer of the hair shaft.
The hair cuticle is the outermost layer of the hair shaft.
Mammary glands have a simple cuboidal epithelium.
Mammary glands have a simple cuboidal epithelium.
Ceruminous glands produce milk.
Ceruminous glands produce milk.
Eccrine sweat glands have a large lumen.
Eccrine sweat glands have a large lumen.
Apocrine sweat glands release their products in a merocrine way.
Apocrine sweat glands release their products in a merocrine way.
The stratum germinatum is a layer of the epidermis.
The stratum germinatum is a layer of the epidermis.
The hair base is surrounded by a basement membrane.
The hair base is surrounded by a basement membrane.
The pattern of ridges and grooves on the human skin is identical for identical twins.
The pattern of ridges and grooves on the human skin is identical for identical twins.
The stratum basale is the uppermost layer of the epidermis.
The stratum basale is the uppermost layer of the epidermis.
Keratohyaline granules are found in the stratum lucidum.
Keratohyaline granules are found in the stratum lucidum.
The papillary layer is a layer of the epidermis.
The papillary layer is a layer of the epidermis.
Melanocytes are found in the stratum corneum.
Melanocytes are found in the stratum corneum.
Tyrosinase is synthesized in the Golgi apparatus.
Tyrosinase is synthesized in the Golgi apparatus.
Melanin synthesis begins in the ellipsoid stage III melanosomes.
Melanin synthesis begins in the ellipsoid stage III melanosomes.
A mature melanin granule has lost tyrosinase and other activities and has the internal matrix completely filled with melanin.
A mature melanin granule has lost tyrosinase and other activities and has the internal matrix completely filled with melanin.
The mature granules are spherical in shape and approximately 0.5 by 1 μm in size.
The mature granules are spherical in shape and approximately 0.5 by 1 μm in size.
Tonofibrils are found in the stratum corneum.
Tonofibrils are found in the stratum corneum.
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Study Notes
Dermatoglyphics (Fingerprints)
- Certain areas of the human skin show ridges and grooves, arranged in distinctive patterns, which are unique for each individual (even differing in identical twins)
Skin Layers
- The epidermis consists of:
- Stratum corneum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum basale
- The dermis consists of:
- Papillary layer
- Reticular layer
Epidermal Cells
- Produce keratin, the major structural protein of the epidermis
- Melanocytes:
- Derived from neural crest
- Round cells with cytoplasmic (dendritic) projections scattered among the basal cells of the stratum basale
- Synthesize tyrosinase in rough ER, processed through the Golgi apparatus, and accumulate in vesicles (stage I melanosomes)
- Melanin synthesis begins in ovoid stage II melanosomes, and accumulates in stage III
- Mature melanin granules (stage IV) have lost tyrosinase and other activities and have an internal matrix completely filled with melanin
- Langerhans cells:
- Bind, process, and present antigens to T lymphocytes, mediating immune response
Skin Types
- Thick skin (e.g. palms, soles)
- Thin skin (e.g. limbs, torso)
Dermal Papillae
- Formed by collagen (type I) and elastic fibers regularly oriented, forming lines of tension in the skin (Langer's lines)
Skin Receptors
- Pacinian corpuscles
- Meissner's corpuscles
- Merkel cells
- Ruffini's corpuscules
Hypodermis
- Also called "superficial fascia"
- Fatty tissue which stores fat and anchors skin (areolar tissue and adipose cells)
- Different patterns of accumulation (male/female)
Hair
- Pilosebaceous unit
- Hair follicles and hairs
- Phases of hair development:
- Anagen (active phase)
- Catagen (apoptosis-driven involution)
- Telogen (resting phase)
Sebaceous Glands
- Associated with hair follicles
- Produce sebum, an oily substance that lubricates hair and skin
Sweat Glands
- Types:
- Eccrine (merocrine)
- Apocrine
- Modified apocrine (e.g. ceruminous, mammary)
- Eccrine glands:
- Most numerous
- True sweat: 99% water, some salts, traces of waste
- Open through pores
- Apocrine glands:
- Confined to axillary, anal, and genital areas
- Ducts open into hair follicles
- Organic molecules in it decompose with time, causing odor
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