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Questions and Answers
What are the two processes involved in the Two Process Model of sleep regulation?
What are the two processes involved in the Two Process Model of sleep regulation?
- Sleep latency and sleep efficiency
- Sleep architecture and sleep spindles
- Circadian rhythm and homeostatic sleep drive (correct)
- REM sleep and NREM sleep
According to the Two Process Model, what drives the circadian rhythm?
According to the Two Process Model, what drives the circadian rhythm?
- Sleep load
- Amount of time awake
- Sleep propensity
- Biological clock (correct)
What is the homeostatic sleep drive driven by, according to the Two Process Model?
What is the homeostatic sleep drive driven by, according to the Two Process Model?
- Sleep propensity
- Sleep load
- Amount of time awake (correct)
- Biological clock
What is the definition of sleep according to the lecture?
What is the definition of sleep according to the lecture?
What is the active defense of a set point known as?
What is the active defense of a set point known as?
What determines sleep propensity and the duration of sleep in the Two Process Model?
What determines sleep propensity and the duration of sleep in the Two Process Model?
What does the homeostatic sleep drive lead to, as time awake increases?
What does the homeostatic sleep drive lead to, as time awake increases?
What are the separate and independent mechanisms that regulate sleep and wakefulness, according to the Two Process Model?
What are the separate and independent mechanisms that regulate sleep and wakefulness, according to the Two Process Model?
What drives periods of sleepiness at roughly the same times each day, according to the Two Process Model?
What drives periods of sleepiness at roughly the same times each day, according to the Two Process Model?
What is the main function of sleep in relation to the cortex?
What is the main function of sleep in relation to the cortex?
What is the role of thalamic cells in driving rhythms in the cerebral cortex?
What is the role of thalamic cells in driving rhythms in the cerebral cortex?
What is the synaptic homeostasis theory of consolidation?
What is the synaptic homeostasis theory of consolidation?
What drives the generation of large EEG signals by synchronous activity?
What drives the generation of large EEG signals by synchronous activity?
What is the role of thalamus in driving rhythms in the cerebral cortex?
What is the role of thalamus in driving rhythms in the cerebral cortex?
What generates bursts of synchronous neural activity in the awake brain?
What generates bursts of synchronous neural activity in the awake brain?
What is the effect of slow oscillations during slow-wave sleep (SWS) on synaptic strength?
What is the effect of slow oscillations during slow-wave sleep (SWS) on synaptic strength?
What allows the signal large enough to be seen at the scalp electrode?
What allows the signal large enough to be seen at the scalp electrode?
What is the main purpose of gamma rhythms in the awake brain?
What is the main purpose of gamma rhythms in the awake brain?
What serves as the brain's way of disconnecting the cortex from sensory input?
What serves as the brain's way of disconnecting the cortex from sensory input?
Which neurotransmitter is involved in the activity of state-regulatory nuclei governing wake, non-REM, and REM sleep?
Which neurotransmitter is involved in the activity of state-regulatory nuclei governing wake, non-REM, and REM sleep?
What is the approximate duration of the human sleep cycle?
What is the approximate duration of the human sleep cycle?
Which sleep stage is characterized by rapid eye movements and lack of muscle tone?
Which sleep stage is characterized by rapid eye movements and lack of muscle tone?
What regulates the sleep-wake cycle involving nonREM and REM sleep alternation?
What regulates the sleep-wake cycle involving nonREM and REM sleep alternation?
Which diagnostic method involves clinical analysis using subjective measures like the Pittsburgh sleep quality index?
Which diagnostic method involves clinical analysis using subjective measures like the Pittsburgh sleep quality index?
Which neurotransmitter is part of the wake-on, REM-on arousal systems?
Which neurotransmitter is part of the wake-on, REM-on arousal systems?
What activates the arousal regions in the sleep-wake cycle?
What activates the arousal regions in the sleep-wake cycle?
Which sleep-promoting agent is involved in the control of sleep through circadian mechanisms?
Which sleep-promoting agent is involved in the control of sleep through circadian mechanisms?
What is involved in the objective measures of the sleep-wake cycle and characterizes amplitude, frequency, and patterns often superimposed?
What is involved in the objective measures of the sleep-wake cycle and characterizes amplitude, frequency, and patterns often superimposed?
Study Notes
Understanding the Sleep-Wake Cycle
- Homeostasis maintains steady states in the organism, with sleep drive proportional to prior wakefulness and expressed as EEG delta power during nonREM sleep.
- Three processes regulate the sleep-wake cycle: homeostatic, circadian, and ultradian, involving nonREM and REM sleep alternation.
- Sleep stages include wake, REM sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and lack of muscle tone, and NREM sleep with sustained muscle tone and no eye movements.
- The human sleep cycle lasts approximately 90-110 minutes and is repeated 3 to 6 times per night, consisting of non-REM and REM sleep stages.
- Constantin Von Economo discovered Encephalitis lethargica and its three types: Somnolentophthalmoplegic, Hyperkinetic, and Amyostatic-akinetic (parkinsonism).
- The wake-promoting mechanisms involve the Reticular Activating System, which maintains the conscious, alert state, and is activated by sensory information relayed to the cerebrum.
- Orexin activates arousal regions, while the sleep-promoting mechanisms involve non-REM and REM sleep mechanisms, as well as the circadian control of sleep.
- Amines, acetylcholine, orexin/hypocretin, and GABA are involved in the activity of state-regulatory nuclei governing wake, non-REM, and REM sleep.
- Wake-on, REM-off arousal systems include norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine, while wake-on, REM-on arousal systems include acetylcholine, dopamine, and glutamate.
- Other sleep-promoting agents include adenosine, proinflammatory cytokines, prostaglandin D2, and growth hormone releasing hormone.
- Sleep diagnostics involve clinical analysis using subjective measures like the Pittsburgh sleep quality index and objective measures such as polysomnography, wrist actigraphy, and EEG, EOG, and EMG.
- Objective measures of the sleep-wake cycle include sleep staging variables like EEG, EOG, and EMG, which characterize amplitude, frequency, and patterns often superimposed, with origins driven by specific neuronal activities.
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Description
Test your knowledge of the sleep-wake cycle with this quiz. Explore the processes regulating sleep, the stages of the sleep cycle, and the mechanisms controlling wakefulness and sleep. Learn about diagnostic measures and the factors influencing the sleep-wake cycle.
