The Sleep-Wake Cycle Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are the two processes involved in the Two Process Model of sleep regulation?

Sleep latency and sleep efficiency

Sleep architecture and sleep spindles

Circadian rhythm and homeostatic sleep drive (correct)

REM sleep and NREM sleep

According to the Two Process Model, what drives the circadian rhythm?

Sleep load

Amount of time awake

Sleep propensity

Biological clock (correct)

What is the homeostatic sleep drive driven by, according to the Two Process Model?

Sleep propensity

Sleep load

Amount of time awake (correct)

Biological clock

What is the definition of sleep according to the lecture?

Reversible behavioral state of perceptual disengagement from, and unresponsiveness to the environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the active defense of a set point known as?

Homeostasis Signup and view all the answers

What determines sleep propensity and the duration of sleep in the Two Process Model?

2 processes combined Signup and view all the answers

What does the homeostatic sleep drive lead to, as time awake increases?

Progressive tiredness Signup and view all the answers

What are the separate and independent mechanisms that regulate sleep and wakefulness, according to the Two Process Model?

Circadian and homeostatic regulation Signup and view all the answers

What drives periods of sleepiness at roughly the same times each day, according to the Two Process Model?

Circadian rhythm Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of sleep in relation to the cortex?

Disconnecting the cortex from sensory input Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of thalamic cells in driving rhythms in the cerebral cortex?

Generating rhythmic, self-sustaining discharge patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is the synaptic homeostasis theory of consolidation?

Information encoding during wakefulness leads to an increase in synaptic strength, which is downscaled during sleep Signup and view all the answers

What drives the generation of large EEG signals by synchronous activity?

Synchronous activity of thousands of neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of thalamus in driving rhythms in the cerebral cortex?

Rhythms in thalamus drive rhythms in cerebral cortex Signup and view all the answers

What generates bursts of synchronous neural activity in the awake brain?

Cortical and subcortical components Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of slow oscillations during slow-wave sleep (SWS) on synaptic strength?

Downscaling synaptic strength Signup and view all the answers

What allows the signal large enough to be seen at the scalp electrode?

Thousands of neurons contributing synchronous activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of gamma rhythms in the awake brain?

Binding several components into a common construction Signup and view all the answers

What serves as the brain's way of disconnecting the cortex from sensory input?

Sleep Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is involved in the activity of state-regulatory nuclei governing wake, non-REM, and REM sleep?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate duration of the human sleep cycle?

90-110 minutes Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep stage is characterized by rapid eye movements and lack of muscle tone?

REM sleep Signup and view all the answers

What regulates the sleep-wake cycle involving nonREM and REM sleep alternation?

Homeostatic, circadian, and ultradian processes Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method involves clinical analysis using subjective measures like the Pittsburgh sleep quality index?

Polysomnography Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is part of the wake-on, REM-on arousal systems?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

What activates the arousal regions in the sleep-wake cycle?

Orexin Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep-promoting agent is involved in the control of sleep through circadian mechanisms?

Adenosine Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in the objective measures of the sleep-wake cycle and characterizes amplitude, frequency, and patterns often superimposed?

EEG Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Understanding the Sleep-Wake Cycle

Homeostasis maintains steady states in the organism, with sleep drive proportional to prior wakefulness and expressed as EEG delta power during nonREM sleep.
Three processes regulate the sleep-wake cycle: homeostatic, circadian, and ultradian, involving nonREM and REM sleep alternation.
Sleep stages include wake, REM sleep characterized by rapid eye movements and lack of muscle tone, and NREM sleep with sustained muscle tone and no eye movements.
The human sleep cycle lasts approximately 90-110 minutes and is repeated 3 to 6 times per night, consisting of non-REM and REM sleep stages.
Constantin Von Economo discovered Encephalitis lethargica and its three types: Somnolentophthalmoplegic, Hyperkinetic, and Amyostatic-akinetic (parkinsonism).
The wake-promoting mechanisms involve the Reticular Activating System, which maintains the conscious, alert state, and is activated by sensory information relayed to the cerebrum.
Orexin activates arousal regions, while the sleep-promoting mechanisms involve non-REM and REM sleep mechanisms, as well as the circadian control of sleep.
Amines, acetylcholine, orexin/hypocretin, and GABA are involved in the activity of state-regulatory nuclei governing wake, non-REM, and REM sleep.
Wake-on, REM-off arousal systems include norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine, while wake-on, REM-on arousal systems include acetylcholine, dopamine, and glutamate.
Other sleep-promoting agents include adenosine, proinflammatory cytokines, prostaglandin D2, and growth hormone releasing hormone.
Sleep diagnostics involve clinical analysis using subjective measures like the Pittsburgh sleep quality index and objective measures such as polysomnography, wrist actigraphy, and EEG, EOG, and EMG.
Objective measures of the sleep-wake cycle include sleep staging variables like EEG, EOG, and EMG, which characterize amplitude, frequency, and patterns often superimposed, with origins driven by specific neuronal activities.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the sleep-wake cycle with this quiz. Explore the processes regulating sleep, the stages of the sleep cycle, and the mechanisms controlling wakefulness and sleep. Learn about diagnostic measures and the factors influencing the sleep-wake cycle.