Circadian Rhythms and Individual Variations

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Questions and Answers

Which stage of sleep is commonly referred to as Slow Wave Sleep (SWS)?

Stage 3

During restful wakefulness, the frequency of alpha activity is typically

8-12 hertz

Which stage of non-REM sleep is characterized by slow rolling eye movements and moderate to high levels of muscle activity?

Stage N1

During REM sleep, which of the following is true?

Muscle paralysis is reduced or non-existent Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential consequences of reduced or disturbed sleep?

Daytime sleepiness Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the function of sleep?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the optimal time to fall asleep?

In the evening Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what are the two forms of desynchrony?

Internal and external desynchrony Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the two-factor model of sleep regulation proposed by Alexander Borbely?

Circadian oscillator and sleep propensity Signup and view all the answers

According to the study by Vyazovskiy, Borbely, and Tobler, what did they find regarding changes in SWS in rats after unilateral sensory stimulation during wakefulness?

The amount of SWS in the contralateral cortex was significantly elevated compared to the ipsilateral cortex. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of cutting the whiskers on one side of the rats in the study?

To reduce sensory input to the contralateral cortex. Signup and view all the answers

What type of environment did the rats spend 6 hours in after the unilateral sensory stimulation during wakefulness?

An enriched (novel) environment. Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of sleep do we see delta activity with a frequency of less than 4 hertz?

Stage N3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the frequency range of alpha activity during restful wakefulness?

8-12 hertz Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep stage is characterized by rapid eye movements and periods of skeletal muscle paralysis?

REM sleep Signup and view all the answers

What is the frequency range of theta activity observed during Stage N2 of non-REM sleep?

5-7 hertz Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep stage is considered a transition stage between wakefulness and sleep?

Stage N1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of EEG activity during REM sleep?

Lower amplitude and higher frequencies Signup and view all the answers

Which sleep stage is characterized by slow rolling eye movements and moderate to high levels of muscle activity?

Stage N1 Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological variables are commonly measured to assess sleep in humans?

EEG, EOG, EMG Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main types of sleep?

Non-rapid Eye Movement Sleep (NREM Sleep) and Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM Sleep) Signup and view all the answers

What is the frequency range of theta waves observed during Stage 2 - N2 sleep?

4-7 Hz Signup and view all the answers

What type of electrical signals are observed during quiet wakefulness?

Alpha waves Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of sleep is commonly referred to as Slow Wave Sleep (SWS)?

Stage 3 - SWS Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological measure is considered the gold standard for measuring sleep in humans?

EEG Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is NOT considered a time giver (zeitgeber) that can synchronize the circadian rhythm with the 24-hour clock?

Exercise Signup and view all the answers

What is the optimal time to fall asleep according to the descending phase of body temperature?

Late afternoon/early evening Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the desynchrony between the internal body clock and when a person is sleeping due to shift work?

Internal Phase Desynchrony Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sleep according to the text?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

According to the reorganization of neural connectivity hypothesis, what is the function of sleep?

To consolidate synapses formed or modified during wakefulness Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the deep, non-REM sleep that reflects the synaptic repair and maintenance processes according to the text?

SWS (Slow Wave Sleep) Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the consequence of reduced or disturbed sleep?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

According to the study by Vyazovskiy, Borbely, and Tobler, what did they find regarding changes in SWS in rats after unilateral sensory stimulation during wakefulness?

SWS was significantly elevated in the contralateral cortex where the rats had intact whiskers Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of cutting the whiskers on one side of the rats in the study?

To reduce sensory input to the contralateral cortex Signup and view all the answers

What type of environment did the rats spend 6 hours in after the unilateral sensory stimulation during wakefulness?

An enriched (novel) environment Signup and view all the answers

During which stage of sleep do we see alpha and theta electrical signals?

Stage 2 NREM sleep Signup and view all the answers

Which physiological measure is considered the gold standard for measuring sleep in humans?

Electroencephalography (EEG) Signup and view all the answers

During restful wakefulness, the frequency of alpha activity is typically

8-12 Hz Signup and view all the answers

During REM sleep, which of the following is true?

Muscle activity is low and the brain is highly active Signup and view all the answers

According to the text, what is the optimal time to fall asleep?

Around 10-11 PM Signup and view all the answers

What are the potential consequences of reduced or disturbed sleep?

Impaired cognitive function and increased risk of accidents Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sleep Stages

Stage 3 of non-REM sleep is commonly referred to as Slow Wave Sleep (SWS), characterized by delta activity with a frequency of less than 4 Hz.
Stage 1 of non-REM sleep is characterized by slow rolling eye movements and moderate to high levels of muscle activity.
REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements and periods of skeletal muscle paralysis.

EEG Activity

During restful wakefulness, the frequency of alpha activity is typically 8-12 Hz.
Theta activity is observed during Stage N2 of non-REM sleep, with a frequency range of 4-8 Hz.
Delta activity with a frequency of less than 4 Hz is seen during Stage 3 of non-REM sleep.
Alpha activity is seen during quiet wakefulness.
EEG activity during REM sleep is characterized by rapid, low-amplitude activity similar to wakefulness.

Sleep Regulation

The two-factor model of sleep regulation was proposed by Alexander Borbely, involving a sleep-promoting factor and a wake-promoting factor.
Desynchrony between the internal body clock and sleep-wake cycle can occur due to shift work, a phenomenon known as social jetlag.

Sleep Functions

The primary function of sleep is to reorganize neural connectivity and consolidate memories.
The optimal time to fall asleep is during the descending phase of body temperature.
Reduced or disturbed sleep can lead to decreased cognitive function, mood disturbances, and increased risk of chronic diseases.

Research Studies

The study by Vyazovskiy, Borbely, and Tobler found that unilateral sensory stimulation during wakefulness leads to changes in SWS in rats.
In the study, the whiskers on one side of the rats were cut to induce unilateral sensory stimulation, and then the rats spent 6 hours in a novel environment.

Physiological Measurements

Polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard for measuring sleep in humans, which involves recording EEG, EMG, and EOG activity.
Physiological variables commonly measured to assess sleep in humans include EEG, EMG, and EOG.

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Circadian Rhythms and Individual Variations

Questions and Answers

Which stage of sleep is commonly referred to as Slow Wave Sleep (SWS)?

During restful wakefulness, the frequency of alpha activity is typically

Which stage of non-REM sleep is characterized by slow rolling eye movements and moderate to high levels of muscle activity?

During REM sleep, which of the following is true?

What are the potential consequences of reduced or disturbed sleep?

According to the text, what is the function of sleep?

According to the text, what is the optimal time to fall asleep?

According to the text, what are the two forms of desynchrony?

According to the text, what is the two-factor model of sleep regulation proposed by Alexander Borbely?

According to the study by Vyazovskiy, Borbely, and Tobler, what did they find regarding changes in SWS in rats after unilateral sensory stimulation during wakefulness?

What was the purpose of cutting the whiskers on one side of the rats in the study?

What type of environment did the rats spend 6 hours in after the unilateral sensory stimulation during wakefulness?

During which stage of sleep do we see delta activity with a frequency of less than 4 hertz?

What is the frequency range of alpha activity during restful wakefulness?

Which sleep stage is characterized by rapid eye movements and periods of skeletal muscle paralysis?

What is the frequency range of theta activity observed during Stage N2 of non-REM sleep?

Which sleep stage is considered a transition stage between wakefulness and sleep?

What is the primary characteristic of EEG activity during REM sleep?

Which sleep stage is characterized by slow rolling eye movements and moderate to high levels of muscle activity?

Which physiological variables are commonly measured to assess sleep in humans?

What are the two main types of sleep?

What is the frequency range of theta waves observed during Stage 2 - N2 sleep?

What type of electrical signals are observed during quiet wakefulness?

Which stage of sleep is commonly referred to as Slow Wave Sleep (SWS)?

Which physiological measure is considered the gold standard for measuring sleep in humans?

Which one of these is NOT considered a time giver (zeitgeber) that can synchronize the circadian rhythm with the 24-hour clock?

What is the optimal time to fall asleep according to the descending phase of body temperature?

What is the term used to describe the desynchrony between the internal body clock and when a person is sleeping due to shift work?

What is the primary function of sleep according to the text?

According to the reorganization of neural connectivity hypothesis, what is the function of sleep?

What is the term used to describe the deep, non-REM sleep that reflects the synaptic repair and maintenance processes according to the text?

According to the text, what is the consequence of reduced or disturbed sleep?

According to the study by Vyazovskiy, Borbely, and Tobler, what did they find regarding changes in SWS in rats after unilateral sensory stimulation during wakefulness?

What was the purpose of cutting the whiskers on one side of the rats in the study?

What type of environment did the rats spend 6 hours in after the unilateral sensory stimulation during wakefulness?

During which stage of sleep do we see alpha and theta electrical signals?

Which physiological measure is considered the gold standard for measuring sleep in humans?

During restful wakefulness, the frequency of alpha activity is typically

During REM sleep, which of the following is true?

According to the text, what is the optimal time to fall asleep?

What are the potential consequences of reduced or disturbed sleep?

Study Notes

Sleep Stages

EEG Activity

Sleep Regulation

Sleep Functions

Research Studies

Physiological Measurements

Studying That Suits You

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