Circadian Rhythms and Individual Variations
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Questions and Answers

Which stage of sleep is commonly referred to as Slow Wave Sleep (SWS)?

  • Stage 2
  • Stage 3 (correct)
  • Stage 1
  • REM

    • During restful wakefulness, the frequency of alpha activity is typically

  • 12-16 hertz
  • 8-12 hertz (correct)
  • 4-7 hertz
  • 16-20 hertz

    • Which stage of non-REM sleep is characterized by slow rolling eye movements and moderate to high levels of muscle activity?

  • Stage N2
  • Stage N3
  • Stage N1 (correct)
  • Stage N4

    • During REM sleep, which of the following is true?

    <p>Muscle paralysis is reduced or non-existent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential consequences of reduced or disturbed sleep?

    <p>Daytime sleepiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the function of sleep?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the optimal time to fall asleep?

    <p>In the evening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what are the two forms of desynchrony?

    <p>Internal and external desynchrony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the two-factor model of sleep regulation proposed by Alexander Borbely?

    <p>Circadian oscillator and sleep propensity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the study by Vyazovskiy, Borbely, and Tobler, what did they find regarding changes in SWS in rats after unilateral sensory stimulation during wakefulness?

    <p>The amount of SWS in the contralateral cortex was significantly elevated compared to the ipsilateral cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of cutting the whiskers on one side of the rats in the study?

    <p>To reduce sensory input to the contralateral cortex.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environment did the rats spend 6 hours in after the unilateral sensory stimulation during wakefulness?

    <p>An enriched (novel) environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of sleep do we see delta activity with a frequency of less than 4 hertz?

    <p>Stage N3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency range of alpha activity during restful wakefulness?

    <p>8-12 hertz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sleep stage is characterized by rapid eye movements and periods of skeletal muscle paralysis?

    <p>REM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency range of theta activity observed during Stage N2 of non-REM sleep?

    <p>5-7 hertz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sleep stage is considered a transition stage between wakefulness and sleep?

    <p>Stage N1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of EEG activity during REM sleep?

    <p>Lower amplitude and higher frequencies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sleep stage is characterized by slow rolling eye movements and moderate to high levels of muscle activity?

    <p>Stage N1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological variables are commonly measured to assess sleep in humans?

    <p>EEG, EOG, EMG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of sleep?

    <p>Non-rapid Eye Movement Sleep (NREM Sleep) and Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM Sleep)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency range of theta waves observed during Stage 2 - N2 sleep?

    <p>4-7 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of electrical signals are observed during quiet wakefulness?

    <p>Alpha waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of sleep is commonly referred to as Slow Wave Sleep (SWS)?

    <p>Stage 3 - SWS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological measure is considered the gold standard for measuring sleep in humans?

    <p>EEG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which one of these is NOT considered a time giver (zeitgeber) that can synchronize the circadian rhythm with the 24-hour clock?

    <p>Exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the optimal time to fall asleep according to the descending phase of body temperature?

    <p>Late afternoon/early evening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the desynchrony between the internal body clock and when a person is sleeping due to shift work?

    <p>Internal Phase Desynchrony</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sleep according to the text?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the reorganization of neural connectivity hypothesis, what is the function of sleep?

    <p>To consolidate synapses formed or modified during wakefulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the deep, non-REM sleep that reflects the synaptic repair and maintenance processes according to the text?

    <p>SWS (Slow Wave Sleep)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the consequence of reduced or disturbed sleep?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the study by Vyazovskiy, Borbely, and Tobler, what did they find regarding changes in SWS in rats after unilateral sensory stimulation during wakefulness?

    <p>SWS was significantly elevated in the contralateral cortex where the rats had intact whiskers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of cutting the whiskers on one side of the rats in the study?

    <p>To reduce sensory input to the contralateral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of environment did the rats spend 6 hours in after the unilateral sensory stimulation during wakefulness?

    <p>An enriched (novel) environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of sleep do we see alpha and theta electrical signals?

    <p>Stage 2 NREM sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physiological measure is considered the gold standard for measuring sleep in humans?

    <p>Electroencephalography (EEG)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During restful wakefulness, the frequency of alpha activity is typically

    <p>8-12 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During REM sleep, which of the following is true?

    <p>Muscle activity is low and the brain is highly active</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the text, what is the optimal time to fall asleep?

    <p>Around 10-11 PM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the potential consequences of reduced or disturbed sleep?

    <p>Impaired cognitive function and increased risk of accidents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sleep Stages

    • Stage 3 of non-REM sleep is commonly referred to as Slow Wave Sleep (SWS), characterized by delta activity with a frequency of less than 4 Hz.
    • Stage 1 of non-REM sleep is characterized by slow rolling eye movements and moderate to high levels of muscle activity.
    • REM sleep is characterized by rapid eye movements and periods of skeletal muscle paralysis.

    EEG Activity

    • During restful wakefulness, the frequency of alpha activity is typically 8-12 Hz.
    • Theta activity is observed during Stage N2 of non-REM sleep, with a frequency range of 4-8 Hz.
    • Delta activity with a frequency of less than 4 Hz is seen during Stage 3 of non-REM sleep.
    • Alpha activity is seen during quiet wakefulness.
    • EEG activity during REM sleep is characterized by rapid, low-amplitude activity similar to wakefulness.

    Sleep Regulation

    • The two-factor model of sleep regulation was proposed by Alexander Borbely, involving a sleep-promoting factor and a wake-promoting factor.
    • Desynchrony between the internal body clock and sleep-wake cycle can occur due to shift work, a phenomenon known as social jetlag.

    Sleep Functions

    • The primary function of sleep is to reorganize neural connectivity and consolidate memories.
    • The optimal time to fall asleep is during the descending phase of body temperature.
    • Reduced or disturbed sleep can lead to decreased cognitive function, mood disturbances, and increased risk of chronic diseases.

    Research Studies

    • The study by Vyazovskiy, Borbely, and Tobler found that unilateral sensory stimulation during wakefulness leads to changes in SWS in rats.
    • In the study, the whiskers on one side of the rats were cut to induce unilateral sensory stimulation, and then the rats spent 6 hours in a novel environment.

    Physiological Measurements

    • Polysomnography (PSG) is the gold standard for measuring sleep in humans, which involves recording EEG, EMG, and EOG activity.
    • Physiological variables commonly measured to assess sleep in humans include EEG, EMG, and EOG.

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    Test your knowledge on circadian rhythms and individual variations in this quiz. Learn about the internal body clock and different preferences for sleep/wake patterns. Discover the distribution of circadian lengths and how they vary among individuals.

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