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Questions and Answers
Which bones make up the shoulder girdle?
Which bones make up the shoulder girdle?
- Scapula and Clavicle (correct)
- Innominate bone and Ischium
- Patella and Metatarsals
- Tibia and Fibula
What is the primary function of the hip girdle?
What is the primary function of the hip girdle?
- To join the lower limbs with the axial skeleton (correct)
- To support the skull
- To protect the heart and lungs
- To connect the upper limbs to the spine
Which bone is considered the strongest in the human body?
Which bone is considered the strongest in the human body?
- Femur (correct)
- Humerus
- Clavicle
- Pelvis
How many bones are found in the human auditory ossicles?
How many bones are found in the human auditory ossicles?
What do the terms 'Epiphysis' and 'Diaphysis' refer to in bone structure?
What do the terms 'Epiphysis' and 'Diaphysis' refer to in bone structure?
Which component of the bone is responsible for its growth and repair?
Which component of the bone is responsible for its growth and repair?
What type of bone are the tarsals classified as?
What type of bone are the tarsals classified as?
What percentage of body weight does the human skeleton comprise?
What percentage of body weight does the human skeleton comprise?
What is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a fractured bone?
What is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a fractured bone?
Which type of muscle is characterized by cylindrical, multinucleated cells?
Which type of muscle is characterized by cylindrical, multinucleated cells?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the action of smooth muscle?
Which of the following statements is true regarding the action of smooth muscle?
What component is primarily responsible for the hardness and shape of bones during remodeling?
What component is primarily responsible for the hardness and shape of bones during remodeling?
What type of muscle is involuntary and contains branched, striated cells?
What type of muscle is involuntary and contains branched, striated cells?
Which statement about the functions of the ribcage is correct?
Which statement about the functions of the ribcage is correct?
How does the arrangement of skeletal muscle fibers differ from smooth muscle?
How does the arrangement of skeletal muscle fibers differ from smooth muscle?
Which component of bones primarily determines their flexibility?
Which component of bones primarily determines their flexibility?
What is the primary function of osteoblasts in the skeletal system?
What is the primary function of osteoblasts in the skeletal system?
Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?
Which type of cartilage is found in the intervertebral discs?
What process is directly involved in repairing cartilage?
What process is directly involved in repairing cartilage?
What characterizes fibrous joints in the human skeletal system?
What characterizes fibrous joints in the human skeletal system?
What distinguishes osteoclasts from osteoblasts?
What distinguishes osteoclasts from osteoblasts?
Which structure is found within the lacunae of cartilage?
Which structure is found within the lacunae of cartilage?
What is a characteristic feature of elastic cartilage?
What is a characteristic feature of elastic cartilage?
How does bone composition benefit its function in the skeletal system?
How does bone composition benefit its function in the skeletal system?
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Study Notes
Human Skeleton
- Patella is commonly known as the kneecap.
- Tibia and fibula are the major bones of the leg.
- Tarsals form the ankle region.
- Metatarsals constitute the sole of the foot.
- Phalanges are the bones found in the toes.
Girdles
- Girdles link limbs to the axial skeleton.
- Shoulder girdle (pectoral) consists of:
- Scapula (shoulder blade)
- Clavicle (collarbone).
- Hip girdle (pelvic) includes:
- Innominate bone, composed of ilium, pubis, and ischium.
Skeleton Characteristics
- The human skeleton comprises approximately 18% of total body weight.
- The femur is known as the longest and strongest bone.
- The smallest bones are the auditory ossicles, located in the ear.
- The weakest bone is the clavicle.
Bone Structure
- Composed of different layers including periosteum and endosteum.
- The diaphysis refers to the long shaft of a bone.
- The epiphysis is the rounded end of a long bone.
Bone Cellular Structure
- Osteogenic cells divide to form osteoblasts.
- Osteoblasts are responsible for producing collagen and forming new bone.
- Osteoclasts dissolve bone to release calcium, aiding in bone remodeling.
- Osteocytes maintain bone tissue and participate in calcium deposition.
Cartilage
- Perichondrium is the outer layer of cartilage, containing blood vessels.
- Cartilage repair is slow as it relies on diffusion for nutrient transport.
- Types of cartilage:
- Hyaline cartilage: found in joints, nose, larynx, and trachea.
- Fibrocartilage: found in intervertebral discs and the knee.
- Elastic cartilage: found in the ear flaps and epiglottis.
Joints and Articulation
- Fibrous joints are immovable and complex in structure.
- Joint injuries can lead to fractures requiring a repair process that involves hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, replacement with a bony callus, and remodeling.
Muscular System
- Muscle tissue is contractile and does not expand.
- Muscles account for about 40% of body weight.
- Types of muscles:
- Smooth muscle: involuntary, non-striated, spindleshaped cells.
- Cardiac muscle: involuntary, striated, branched cells with intercalated discs.
- Skeletal muscle: voluntary, striated, and multinucleated.
Control of Muscles
- The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary muscle actions, while voluntary actions are under the control of the somatic nervous system.
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