The Skeletal System Overview

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Questions and Answers

What are the bones of the fingers and toes called?

  • Tarsals
  • Phalanges (correct)
  • Carpals
  • Metatarsals

How many bones are in each finger?

  • 3 (correct)
  • 4
  • 2
  • 5

What is the large hip bone called?

  • Tibia
  • Fibula
  • Pelvis (correct)
  • Femur

What articulates with the tibia forming the knee joint?

<p>Femur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the kneecap called?

<p>Patella (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones make up the skull?

<p>22 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The heel bone is known as what?

<p>Calcaneus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the prominence just below the knee called?

<p>Tibial tuberosity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the decreased bone mass often due to low estrogen level after menopause?

<p>Osteoporosis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a term used to describe a break in a bone?

<p>Fracture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fracture extends all the way across the bone?

<p>Complete fracture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fracture occurs where the break is only in the outer layer of the bone?

<p>Greenstick fracture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do you call a fracture where the broken bone protrudes through the skin?

<p>Compound fracture (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used for the realignment of the broken ends of a bone?

<p>Reduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is immovable?

<p>Synarthrosis joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fracture involves the bone being broken into several pieces?

<p>Comminuted fracture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones make up the pectoral girdle?

<p>4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the long curved bones at the base of the neck called?

<p>Clavicles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name for the shoulder blades?

<p>Scapulae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What articulates with the head of the radius at the elbow joint?

<p>Capitulum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the medial bone of the forearm?

<p>Ulna (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the depression that articulates with the trochlea of the humerus?

<p>Trochlear notch (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many bones comprise the carpals?

<p>8 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the long bones of the arms called?

<p>Humerus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the large muscle that contracts during breathing?

<p>Diaphragm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle acts as the main flexor of the forearm?

<p>Brachialis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is responsible for flexing the fingers?

<p>Flexor digitorum superficialis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the triangular muscle located between the clavicle, scapula, and humerus?

<p>Deltoid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is located just lateral to the flexor carpi ulnaris?

<p>Flexor carpi radialis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is between the lumbar vertebrae and the femur that flexes the thigh?

<p>Iliopsoas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What assists the prime mover in muscle actions?

<p>Synergists (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle pronates the hand (turns the palm down)?

<p>Pronator teres (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is found at the proximal end of the femur?

<p>Head of the femur (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of carpal bones in a human hand?

<p>8 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following bones comprises the elbow joint?

<p>Humerus, Radius, and Ulna (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature is located at the distal end of the tibia?

<p>Medial malleolus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the structure of the vertebral column?

<p>It contains 26 individual vertebrae. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone structure serves as the connection point for the clavicle and scapula?

<p>Acromion process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the foramen in bones?

<p>To serve as passageways for nerves and blood vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is not a component of the pelvic girdle?

<p>Femur (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

The Skeletal System

  • Pectoral Girdle: Comprised of 4 bones: 2 scapulas and 2 clavicles.
  • Clavicle: Long, curved bones found at the base of the neck.
  • Scapula: Flat bones located on the posterior thorax (shoulder blades).
  • Acromion Process: Superior lateral process that articulates with the manubrium of the sternum.
  • Coracoid Process: Superior anterior process for muscle attachment.
  • Glenoid Fossa: Depression (socket) that forms the shoulder joint; articulates with the head of the humerus.
  • Humerus: Long bone of the arm.
  • Head of the Humerus: Rounded proximal end of the humerus, articulates with the glenoid fossa.
  • Trochlea: Medial pulley-shaped condyle that articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna, forming a major part of the elbow joint.
  • Capitulum: Articulates with the head of the radius at the elbow joint.
  • Epicondyles: Medial and lateral eminences located above the 2 condyles at the distal end of the humerus.
  • Ulnar: Medial bone of the forearm; largest bone of the forearm.
  • Olecranon Process: Tip of the elbow, also known as the funny bone.
  • Trochlear (Semilunar) Notch: Depression that articulates with the trochlea of the humerus.
  • Head of the Ulna: Rounded distal end of the ulna.
  • Styloid Process: Thin posterior process located on the distal end of the ulna.
  • Radius: Lateral bone of the forearm; head articulates with the capitulum of the humerus.
  • Carpals: Short bones that comprise the wrist; 8 bones total (4 in each hand).
  • Metacarpals: Long bones of the palm and back of the hand; 5 in each hand.
  • Phalanges: Bones of the fingers and toes.
  • Fingers: Each finger contains 3 phalanges; each thumb contains 2 phalanges.
  • Os Coxa: The large hip bone.
  • Ilium: Superior portion of the pelvic girdle; top of the hip is called the crest.
  • Ischium: Posterior portion of the hip bone; where one sits.
  • Pubis: Anterior portion of the pelvic girdle.
  • Acetabulum: Socket of the hip joint.
  • Obturator Foramen: Largest foramen in the body.
  • Femur: Largest bone of the thigh.
  • Head of the Femur: Portion that fits into the acetabulum (socket of the hip).
  • Trocanters: Large, blunt processes on the proximal end of the femur.
  • Condyles of the Femur: Articulate with the tibia, forming the knee joint.
  • Patella: Kneecap.
  • Tibia: Medial bone of the leg; articulates with the femur to form the knee joint.
  • Tibial Tuberosity: Prominence just below the knee.
  • Medial Malleolus: Inner ankle.
  • Fibula: Smaller, lateral bone of the leg.
  • Tarsals: Short bones of the ankle.
  • Calcaneus: Heel bone.
  • Achilles Tendon: Tendon that attaches to the heel bone.
  • Metatarsals: Long bones of the foot; 5 in each.
  • Phalanges of the Feet: Total of 28, 2 in the big toe, and 3 in each of the other toes.

Additional Notes:

  • Body: The main part of a bone
  • Ramus: A branch of a bone
  • Fissure: A narrow cleft or groove
  • Fossa: A shallow depression
  • Foramen: An opening through a bone
  • Groove: A furrow or channel
  • Meatus: A tube-like passageway
  • Sinus: An air-filled cavity within a bone

Skeletal System Divisions

  • Appendicular Skeleton: Bones of the limbs and the pectoral and pelvic girdles.
  • Axial Skeleton: Bones of the skull, vertebral column, ribs, and sternum.
  • Total Bone Count: The human skeleton has 206 bones.
  • Auditory Ossicles: (3) Three small bones in each ear (6 total), responsible for hearing.
  • Hyoid Bone: A single bone located in the neck beneath the tongue, essential for speech.
  • Chest Bones: 25 bones comprise the bony chest, including the sternum and ribs.

Bone Disorders

  • Osteoporosis: Decreased bone mass often due to low estrogen levels after menopause.
  • Fracture: A break in a bone.
  • Complete Fracture: Break extends all the way across the bone.
  • Incomplete Fracture: Break extends partway across the bone.
  • Greenstick Fracture: Bone bends on one side and breaks on the opposite side.
  • Comminuted Fracture: Bone is broken into several pieces.
  • Open (Compound) Fracture: Broken bone protrudes through the skin.
  • Displaced Fracture: Broken bone ends are moved out of position.
  • Reduction: Realignment of broken bone ends.

Joint Functions

  • Arthrology: The study of the joints of the body.

  • Joint: The site where two or more bones meet, permitting the movement of bones in the skeleton. Also known as articulations and arthroses.

  • Synarthrosis: Immovable joint.

  • Fibrous Connective Tissue: Connects the surfaces of synarthrosis joints.

  • Cranial Sutures & Sternocostal Joints: Examples of synarthrosis joints.

  • Amphiarthrosis: Slightly movable joint.

  • Examples of Amphiarthrosis Joints: Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis.

  • Diarthrosis (Synovial Joint): Freely movable joint; characterized by:

    • Articular Cartilage: Covers the surfaces of the bones.
    • Joint Cavity: Space between the bones filled with synovial fluid.
    • Joint Capsule: Fibrous connective tissue that encloses the joint cavity.

Muscles

  • Linea Alba: The line of white fibrous connective tissue between the rectus abdominis muscles.
  • Iliopsoas Muscle: Located between the lumbar vertebrae and the femur; flexes the thigh.
  • Diaphragm: Large muscle that contracts during breathing.
  • Deltoid Muscle: Triangular muscle between the clavicle, scapula, and humerus; extends across the shoulder to the arm.
  • Supraspinatus Muscle Located between the scapula and humerus.
  • Biceps Brachii Muscle: Main flexor of the forearm.
  • Synergist: Assists the prime mover.
  • Infraspinatus Muscle: Located between the scapula and humerus.
  • Brachialis Muscle: Muscle located below the biceps brachii; between the humerus and the ulna; flexes the forearm.
  • Triceps Brachii: Large muscle of the posterior arm; extends the forearm.
  • Flexor Carpi Ulnaris Muscle: Located on the anteriomedial surface of the forearm.
  • Flexor Carpi Radialis Muscle: Located just lateral to the flexor carpi ulnaris.
  • Flexor Digitorum Superficialis Muscle: Flexes the fingers.
  • Brachioradialis Muscle: Large muscle of the anterior arm; extends from the lateral elbow to the wrist.
  • Pronator Teres Muscle: Muscle located just medial to the brachioradialis.
  • Pronator Quadratas Muscle: Pronates the hand (turns the palm down).

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