The Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment & Industrial Revolution
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Questions and Answers

What was a significant cause of the Scientific Revolution?

  • The establishment of feudalism in Europe
  • The encouragement of Renaissance thought and the printing press (correct)
  • The rise of the Middle Ages
  • The decline of monarchies in Europe

Which scientist is known for establishing the laws of planetary motion?

  • Johannes Kepler (correct)
  • Isaac Newton
  • Galileo Galilei
  • Robert Boyle

Which concept characterized the Age of Reason?

  • Closure of scientific organizations
  • Reliance on religious doctrine
  • Emphasis on experiments and natural laws (correct)
  • Absence of scientific inquiry

What significant effect did the Voyages of Discovery have on Europeans?

<p>Discovery of new sea routes and lands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were Enlightenment thinkers primarily concerned with?

<p>Natural rights and equality (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributions is Robert Boyle known for?

<p>Scientific methods to define chemical elements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key idea suggests that states and governments are established to protect people's natural rights?

<p>Social contract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Scientific Revolution challenge the authority of the church?

<p>By contradicting scientific theories with religious doctrine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary characteristic of the Enlightenment period?

<p>Advocacy for rational thinking and humanism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Enlightenment thinker is most associated with the idea of separation of powers?

<p>Montesquieu (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What revolutionary idea did Enlightenment thinkers criticize regarding monarchs?

<p>Divine right of kings (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which era is characterized by significant technological advancement and mechanization?

<p>The Industrial Revolution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a result of the rise in population during the Industrial Revolution?

<p>Increased labor supply for industry (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the mutual rights and responsibilities established between people and their government?

<p>Social contract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept advocates for the implementation of a constitution to limit royal power?

<p>Separation of powers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant political changes were influenced by Enlightenment ideas in Europe?

<p>Outbreak of American and French Revolutions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What natural resources contributed to the Industrial Revolution starting in Britain?

<p>Coal and iron (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the Enclosure Movement in Britain?

<p>A significant loss of farmland for farmers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which invention is associated with the early stages of the Industrial Revolution?

<p>The steam engine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the transition from the domestic system to the factory system in the textile industry?

<p>The establishment of large production facilities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major technological advancement occurred during the Industrial Revolution?

<p>The development of the power loom (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding government support during the Industrial Revolution?

<p>The government founded the Royal Society to promote scientific inquiry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did the transportation revolution begin during the Industrial Revolution?

<p>Around the 1800s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the primary energy sources used during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution?

<p>Steam power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant movement was organized by trade unions between 1838 and 1848?

<p>The Chartist Movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental principle is advocated by socialism regarding ownership?

<p>Means of production should be publicly owned. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which act acknowledged the legal status of trade unions in Britain?

<p>Trade Union Act of 1824 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which thinkers are associated with the development of communism?

<p>Engels and Marx (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the economic and colonial expansion of Western countries?

<p>Acquisition of more raw materials and overseas markets (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What advancement in medicine was made during the industrial revolution to prevent diseases?

<p>Vaccines against smallpox (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technology played a significant role in improving transportation on land during the industrial revolution?

<p>Railroad locomotives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main impacts of the factory system that emerged during the industrial revolution?

<p>Mass production of goods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which invention improved communication during the industrial revolution?

<p>Telegraph (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue did the working class face during the industrial revolution?

<p>Long working hours (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social change occurred due to urbanization during the industrial revolution?

<p>Rise of new social classes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a consequence of the division of labor in the factory system?

<p>Improved efficiency in manufacturing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rise of capitalism during the industrial revolution was marked by the development of which type of companies?

<p>Joint-stock companies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Scientific Revolution cause

The Scientific Revolution was driven by the Renaissance, printing press, and voyages of discovery, which fostered new knowledge, challenged Church doctrines, and broadened European horizons.

Scientific method

A method of acquiring knowledge through observation, experimentation, and a skeptical attitude, leading to the understanding of natural phenomena.

Kepler's laws

The laws describing the motion of planets around the sun, which provided a mathematical model for planetary orbits.

Harvey's blood circulation

The discovery of the circulation of blood within the body, an advanced understanding of bodily functioning at the time.

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Boyle's chemical elements

Boyle's work used scientific methods to define chemical elements and understand principles behind natural phenomena.

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Newton's laws of motion

Newton's laws explained the fundamental principles of motion and force.

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Enlightenment thinkers

Enlightenment thinkers advocated for natural rights, equality, and liberty challenging existing political and social structures.

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Enlightenment background

The Enlightenment was a response to societal discontent with absolutism and divine right of kings, with humanism providing the background and rational thinking, challenging authority.

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Natural Rights

Fundamental rights inherent to all individuals, such as equality and liberty, that cannot be taken away.

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Social Contract

An agreement between the people and their government defining their mutual rights and duties.

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Separation of Powers

Dividing government power among different branches (legislative, executive, judicial) to prevent tyranny.

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Industrial Revolution

A period of major technological advancements and societal changes marked by mechanization, industrialization, and urbanization.

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Mechanization

The use of machines to replace human and animal labor in production.

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Industrialization

The process of economic transition from an agrarian to an industrial economy.

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Urbanization

The growth of cities due to people moving from rural areas to urban centers in search of industrial jobs.

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What spurred the Industrial Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution was fueled by a combination of factors, including the accumulation of capital, advancements in science and technology, and a strong demand for manufactured goods due to European expansion.

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What role did natural resources play?

Britain's abundance of natural resources, such as coal and iron, served as the foundation for its industrial growth, powering factories and creating essential materials.

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Why was Britain's overseas trade important?

Britain's large overseas colonies provided a vast market for its goods and a source of cheap raw materials, boosting its industrial production and economic growth.

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What was the impact of the Enclosure Movement?

The Enclosure Movement forced many farmers off their land, prompting them to migrate to cities, creating a large labor force for factories.

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How did the government support innovation?

The British government encouraged technological advancements through initiatives such as patent laws and funding for the Royal Society, fostering a culture of innovation.

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What major developments occurred during the Industrial Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution witnessed a series of technological breakthroughs, starting with textiles, evolving to iron and steel, mining, shipbuilding, and eventually steam power.

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What was the impact of the Energy Revolution?

The Industrial Revolution was powered by new energy sources, starting with steam and coal gas, then transitioning to electricity and oil, enabling factories to run longer hours and increase production.

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How did the Industrial Revolution spread?

The Industrial Revolution, originating in Britain, gradually spread to other European countries, the United States, and Japan, bringing about widespread industrialization and economic growth.

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Trade Unions

Groups of workers who organized to improve their working conditions and wages.

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Chartist Movement

A movement in the 19th century that advocated for more democracy and rights for working people, including shorter work hours and voting rights.

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Socialism

An economic and political system that advocates for public ownership of resources and redistribution of wealth.

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Communism (Marxism)

A form of socialism that aims for a classless society where the means of production are owned by the state.

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New Imperialism

An era of colonial expansion by Western powers, driven by economic and technological superiority, seeking raw materials and new markets.

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Cast iron, wrought iron, and steel

These are different types of iron, each produced through different processes and used for various purposes. Cast iron is brittle but cheap, while wrought iron is more malleable and stronger. Steel, a mixture of iron and carbon, is even stronger and more versatile. They represent the advancements in iron making during the Industrial Revolution.

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Macadam Road

A type of road construction pioneered by John McAdam in the 18th century, featuring a layer of crushed stone laid on a solid base. It provided a smoother and more durable surface compared to traditional dirt roads, enabling faster and easier transportation.

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Canals

Artificial waterways built for transportation purposes, allowing efficient and economical movement of goods by barges or boats. They were crucial in the Industrial Revolution by facilitating trade and travel.

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Morse Code

A system of using dots and dashes to represent letters, numbers, and punctuation marks, enabling communication over long distances using the telegraph.

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Joint-stock companies

Businesses formed by multiple investors who pool their money together to raise capital for funding large projects, like factory construction or mining operations. This allowed for greater investment and expansion during the Industrial Revolution.

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Division of labor

A system of production where tasks are divided into smaller, specialized parts, with each worker focusing on a specific task. This led to increased efficiency and productivity in factories.

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Labor problems

Issues faced by workers during the Industrial Revolution. These included low wages, long working hours, dangerous working conditions, and lack of job security. These issues sparked social movements for workers' rights and reforms.

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Study Notes

The Scientific Revolution

  • Occurred in the 16th-18th centuries
  • Greco-Roman scientific knowledge influenced the Scientific Revolution
  • Renaissance and printing press encouraged scientific study
  • Voyages of Discovery broadened European horizons
  • Scientific organizations were established
  • Scientific methods developed, emphasizing observation, experimentation and skepticism
  • Key figures included Kepler, Harvey, Boyle, and Newton

The Enlightenment

  • An intellectual and cultural movement of the 17th and 18th centuries
  • European discontent with absolutism (absolute monarchies)
  • Ideas of humanism, challenging authority and emphasizing rational thinking
  • Focus on natural rights (equality and liberty)
  • Social contract theory, where governments were established to protect natural rights
  • Key figures include Locke and Rousseau, Montesquieu, and Voltaire

The Industrial Revolution

  • An era of technological advancement (mid-18th to late 19th centuries)
  • Mechanization replaced human and animal power in production
  • Industrialization shifted economies from agriculture to industry
  • Urbanization led to population growth in industrial towns
  • Key causes include rise in population, global trade, accumulation of capital, scientific advancements, and Britain's natural resources.

Impacts of the Industrial Revolution

  • Rise of modern capitalism, with investment and joint-stock companies
  • Rise of the factory system, which increased efficiency of production
  • Development of joint-stock companies helped raise capital
  • Growth of industrial towns, leading to urbanization
  • Rise of new social classes (capitalist, middle, and working)
  • Labour problems, such as low wages, long working hours, and unsafe conditions; influenced movements for workers' rights.
  • Rise of socialism, advocating for the redistribution of wealth and control of means of production.

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Description

This quiz explores key concepts from the Scientific Revolution, Enlightenment, and Industrial Revolution. You'll delve into the contributions of significant figures, the impact of technological advancements, and the evolution of scientific methods and political thought. Test your knowledge on these transformative periods of history!

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