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Questions and Answers
What fostered a new worldview embracing progress and the role of research and experimentation in understanding and mastering the natural world?
What allowed British industrialists to exploit the latest findings of scientists and technicians from other countries?
What did the mercantilist colonial empire provide for British industrialists?
What was mainly relied upon for energy in European society during this period?
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What grew out of a long process of development between 1780 and 1850?
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What served Britain remarkably well by the eighteenth century?
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What was the major breakthrough in using coal as an alternative to wood?
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Which event greatly increased the efficiency of the steam engine?
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What was the main contribution of Richard Trevithick and George Stephenson to industrial advancement?
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What led to the reduction in shipping costs and uncertainty over land freight?
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What was a significant impact of the development of larger markets?
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Which country was able to be the first to industrialize due to its rich coal and iron deposits?
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What did most continental businesses adopt slowly during the 19th century?
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What led to Britain producing 20% of the entire world's output of industrial goods in 1860?
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What allowed Western European countries to mimic Britain's industrial successes?
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What was lacking for France to industrialize at the same pace as Great Britain?
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What was a common consequence of working in factories during the Industrial Revolution?
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Why were women and children preferred as factory workers during the Industrial Revolution?
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What were some of the social problems that defined life in industrial cities during the Industrial Revolution?
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What impact did the overcrowding of cities have on the living conditions of workers during the Industrial Revolution?
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What was a significant health risk faced by laborers during the Industrial Revolution?
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What was the effect of the Industrial Revolution on life expectancy in industrial cities?
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What was one of the key factors that drove governments to enact reforms in unhealthy and overcrowded cities?
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What was the breakthrough that led to dramatic improvements in hospitals and operating rooms?
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What was the main focus of early socialist thinkers in response to the rise of laissez faire and industrialization?
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Who optimistically proclaimed that proper social organization led by leading scientists and industrialists was the key to progress?
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What did social reformers address in relation to the need for public housing?
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What led to a significant improvement in the quality of life in cities?
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What was a central belief held by early socialist thinkers regarding economic equality?
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What did the development of mass public transportation contribute to in cities?
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Who brought about a significant understanding of how bad drinking water and filth made people sick?
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What was one of the driving factors for governments to enact reforms in unhealthy cities?
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Study Notes
The Industrial Revolution
- The Enlightenment worldview, which emerged in the 18th century, fostered a new worldview embracing progress and the role of research and experimentation in understanding and mastering the natural world.
Global Exchange of Ideas
- British industrialists were able to exploit the latest findings of scientists and technicians from other countries, thanks to the global exchange of ideas.
Mercantilist Colonial Empire
- The mercantilist colonial empire provided British industrialists with access to resources, labor, and markets.
Energy in European Society
- During the Industrial Revolution, European society mainly relied upon coal for energy.
Development of Industrialization
- The Industrial Revolution grew out of a long process of development between 1780 and 1850.
British Advantage
- Britain's rich coal and iron deposits served it remarkably well by the 18th century, allowing it to become the first country to industrialize.
Coal and Steam Engine Breakthroughs
- The major breakthrough in using coal as an alternative to wood was the development of the steam engine.
- James Watt's improvement of the steam engine in 1769 greatly increased its efficiency.
Railway Development
- Richard Trevithick and George Stephenson made significant contributions to industrial advancement by developing the railway system.
Shipping and Freight
- The development of railroads led to a reduction in shipping costs and uncertainty over land freight.
Market Growth
- The development of larger markets was a significant impact of industrialization.
Continental Industrialization
- Most continental businesses adopted industrialization slowly during the 19th century.
- Britain's strong economy and industrial base allowed it to produce 20% of the entire world's output of industrial goods in 1860.
Western European Industrialization
- Western European countries were able to mimic Britain's industrial successes due to access to British technology and expertise.
French Industrialization
- France lacked the rich coal and iron deposits that Britain had, hindering its ability to industrialize at the same pace.
Working Conditions
- A common consequence of working in factories during the Industrial Revolution was the exposure to hazardous working conditions.
Factory Workers
- Women and children were preferred as factory workers during the Industrial Revolution because they were cheaper to hire and easier to control.
Social Problems
- Overcrowding, poverty, and poor living conditions were some of the social problems that defined life in industrial cities during the Industrial Revolution.
Urbanization
- The overcrowding of cities had a significant impact on the living conditions of workers during the Industrial Revolution.
Health Risks
- A significant health risk faced by laborers during the Industrial Revolution was the spread of diseases due to poor sanitation and living conditions.
Life Expectancy
- The Industrial Revolution led to a decrease in life expectancy in industrial cities.
Government Reforms
- The need to address the health and social problems in industrial cities led governments to enact reforms.
Breakthrough in Medicine
- The breakthrough that led to dramatic improvements in hospitals and operating rooms was the understanding of the germ theory of disease.
Socialist Thinkers
- Early socialist thinkers, responding to the rise of laissez faire and industrialization, focused on the need for economic equality and social justice.
Utopian Socialism
- Charles Fourier optimistically proclaimed that proper social organization led by leading scientists and industrialists was the key to progress.
Social Reform
- Social reformers addressed the need for public housing and improved living conditions in industrial cities.
Quality of Life
- The development of mass public transportation and government reforms led to a significant improvement in the quality of life in cities.
Early Socialist Beliefs
- Early socialist thinkers believed that economic equality was essential for social justice and progress.
Public Health
- Dr. John Snow brought about a significant understanding of how bad drinking water and filth made people sick, leading to improved public health policies.
Government Reforms (2)
- The need to address the health and social problems in industrial cities led governments to enact reforms, one of the driving factors being the work of Dr. John Snow.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the origins of the British Industrial Revolution and the impact of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment on society. Explore the scientific and Enlightenment culture that shaped Britain's progress during this era.
