Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment

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Questions and Answers

What major shift did the Scientific Revolution bring about in terms of knowledge acquisition?

  • Heavily depending on monarchial approval for scientific exploration
  • Relying solely on religious texts for understanding the universe
  • Prioritizing tradition over reason in societal development
  • Using tests and evidence to validate knowledge claims (correct)

Which figure is credited with formulating the laws of motion and universal gravitation?

  • Voltaire
  • Copernicus
  • Newton (correct)
  • Galileo

Which Enlightenment thinker is known for advocating the separation of government powers?

  • Montesquieu (correct)
  • Mary Wollstonecraft
  • Adam Smith
  • John Locke

What role did nationalism play in the context of European unification during the 19th century?

<p>It served as a catalyst for the unification of fragmented nations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key motivation for the abolition movement that began in Britain?

<p>Religious convictions regarding the equality of all humans (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Enlightenment contribute to the spread of feminism?

<p>It emphasized individual rights, prompting women's rights movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant challenge faced by former slaves after emancipation?

<p>Equality and quality of life often did not improve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who among the following is recognized for advocating for women's rights during the Enlightenment?

<p>Elizabeth Cady Stanton (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common misconception about the relationship between science and religion during the Scientific Revolution?

<p>Many scientists believed faith could coexist with scientific inquiry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major societal change was promoted by the Enlightenment's ideas about government?

<p>Consent of the governed became a central concept (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main consequences of the Seven Years War for the American colonies?

<p>Higher taxes to pay debts from the war (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Enlightenment idea emphasizes that governments derive their authority from the consent of the governed?

<p>Popular sovereignty (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant impact of the French Revolution during the Reign of Terror?

<p>Public executions and suppression of dissent (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social change did the French Revolution notably achieve regarding class distinctions?

<p>Elimination of the three estates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which revolutionary figure led an uprising that ultimately led to the abolition of slavery in Haiti?

<p>Toussaint L'Ouverture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one result of the enclosure movement in Britain during the Agricultural Revolution?

<p>Displacement of small farmers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technological advancement was pivotal in the First Industrial Revolution, particularly in textile production?

<p>Steam engine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant characteristic of the working class during the Industrial Revolution?

<p>Employment in dangerous and low-paying jobs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary aim of the Tanzimat Reforms in the Ottoman Empire?

<p>Implement economic reforms and modernization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which figure played a significant role in initiating the Mexican Revolution?

<p>Miguel Hidalgo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key feature of the Meiji Restoration in Japan?

<p>Modernization and industrialization efforts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What social issue emerged in the United States as a response to industrialization?

<p>Rise of labor unions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key difference between the Industrial Revolution in Russia and that in Great Britain?

<p>Military-led industrial policies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the social structure in colonial Haiti prior to the revolution?

<p>Racial and class hierarchies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Scientific Revolution

A period in Europe where knowledge shifted from religious dogma to evidence-based reasoning, challenging traditional views on the natural world.

Copernicus's Contribution

Proposed the heliocentric model of the solar system, placing the Sun at the center.

Enlightenment

An intellectual and philosophical movement emphasizing reason, individual rights, and progress.

Rationalism

The belief that reason is the primary source of knowledge and understanding.

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Nationalism

A political ideology emphasizing the importance of a nation and its people.

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Abolition Movement

A social movement advocating for the ending of slavery, often based on Enlightenment ideals of equality.

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Feminism (1st Wave)

Early feminist movement focused on women's rights, including suffrage and education.

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American Revolution Cause

Motivated by desire for political autonomy and self-government, not eager to be separated from British protection.

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Enlightenment & Racism

Enlightenment ideas, despite promoting equality, were sometimes used to justify existing racial hierarchies.

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Galileo's contribution

Used a telescope to observe the universe and determine that it was much larger than previously thought.

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Seven Years' War

Conflict (1756-1763) between Britain and France over land in North America, which Britain won but didn't allow colonists to stay.

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Enlightenment Ideas

Philosophical ideas emphasizing popular sovereignty, natural rights, consent of the governed and social contract influencing revolutionary movements.

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American Revolution

The war and subsequent political change that established the United States of America in the late 18th century.

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French Revolution

A period of radical social and political upheaval in France (1790s) that led to the overthrow of the monarchy and establishment of a republic.

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Reign of Terror

Period of violence during the French Revolution (1793-1794), characterized by public executions.

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Haitian Revolution

Successful slave revolt (late 1700s-early 1800s) in Saint-Domingue (present-day Haiti) that resulted in the abolition of slavery and independence from France.

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Latin American Revolutions

Series of independence movements in Latin America in the early 19th century, which sought to overthrow colonial governments.

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Industrial Revolution

Period of major technological advancements and social change, starting in Britain during the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Agricultural Revolution

Period of improvements in farming techniques, crop yields, and animal husbandry.

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Enclosure Movement

Process in Great Britain of converting communal agricultural lands into privately owned plots.

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Social Darwinism

Application of Darwin's theory of natural selection to human society, used to justify social inequalities.

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Progressives

Reformers who sought to address social problems arising from industrialization.

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Ottoman Modernization

Efforts of the Ottoman Empire to adapt to Western industrialization and military practices.

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Study Notes

Scientific Revolution

  • Driven by evidence and reason, not religious dogma
  • Challenged church authority and social/political systems
  • Used to justify existing hierarchies (gender, race)
  • European universities' autonomy facilitated its development.
  • The Reformation encouraged questioning authority, fostering literacy.
  • Key figures included Copernicus (heliocentric model), Galileo (telescope, human insignificance), and Newton (gravity, laws of physics).
  • Scientists often were Jesuits and believed in faith and science coexistance.
  • The Catholic Church opposed new scientific ideas and persecuted Galileo.

The Enlightenment

  • Argued the universe is rational and governed by understandable natural laws.
  • Promoted rationalism (human reason), progressivism (social improvement), liberalism/humanism (natural rights, limited government).
  • Key figures included Adam Smith (economics), Montesquieu (separation of powers), John Locke (social contract), Voltaire (tolerance, speech), and Mary Wollstonecraft (women's rights).
  • Enlightenment thinkers generally opposed widespread women's rights.

Repercussions of Revolution: Nationalism

  • Emphasized national unity and distinct cultures.
  • Led to the unification of Italy and Germany and the creation of nations (Greece, Serbia).
  • Other groups (Poles, Ukrainians) sought independence.
  • Nationalism also fostered rivalries and conflict.
  • Governments promoted shared culture, sometimes at the expense of diversity (ex: attempts to lessen ethnic diversity).
  • Zionism emerged as a Jewish nationalist movement.
  • Lola Rodriguez de Tio advocated for Puerto Rican independence.

Repercussions of Revolution: Abolition Movement

  • Rooted in religious and Enlightenment ideals (human equality).
  • Slave revolts in Haiti and Jamaica.
  • Resistance to abolition in economies reliant on slavery.
  • Lasting inequality, despite abolition: sharecropping, etc.
  • Enlightenment ideas were used for abolition, but they also rationalized existing racism.

Repercussions of Revolution: Feminism

  • Maternal feminism emphasized the importance of mothers in society.
  • First-wave feminists (middle/upper class) advocated for education, jobs, and suffrage.
  • Movements spread globally, e.g., Kartini (Indonesia) and Huda Sharawi (Egypt).
  • Feminism sometimes clashed with nationalist sentiments.

Atlantic Revolutions: American Revolution

  • Motivations for revolution:
    • Taxation (Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, Tea Act)
    • Seven Years' War
    • Reduced political autonomy
  • Enlightenment ideals justified revolution:
    • Popular sovereignty
    • Natural rights.
    • Consent of the governed.
    • Social contract.
  • Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson).
  • Limited social transformation afterward.
  • Served as a model for future revolutions.

Atlantic Revolutions: French Revolution

  • Absolute monarchy; social inequalities (Three Estates).
  • Bankruptcy (Seven Years' War, lavish spending).
  • Bread riots.
  • Third Estate forms National Assembly.
  • Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
  • Storming of the Bastille.
  • Reign of Terror (Robespierre).
  • Significant social change: equality, religious freedom, abolition of slavery.
  • Women played roles (Women's March on Versailles, Olympe de Gouges, declaration of the rights of women).
  • Napoleon's rise: spread Revolutionary ideals while conquering Europe.
  • Congress of Vienna: post-Napoleon's defeat; restored old order, alliances.

Atlantic Revolutions: Haitian Revolution

  • Complex social structure based on race, class, and gender.
  • Grand blancs (rich whites), petits blancs (poor whites), gens de couleur libres (free people of color), enslaved people.
  • Desire for freedom across all groups.
  • Led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.
  • Successful slave revolt, abolished slavery and destroyed sugar economy.
  • Inspired other revolts, but also led to tightened conditions in other slave societies.
  • Single most successful slave revolt in history.

Atlantic Revolutions: Latin American Revolutions

  • Casta system (racial hierarchy).
  • Tupac Amaru Rebellion (native rebellion).
  • Latin American revolutions often driven by grievances
  • French revolution weakened established governments, making Latin America vulnerable to revolution.
  • Key figures like Miguel Hidalgo, Jose Morelos, Simon Bolivar.

Industrial Revolution: Precursors

  • Agricultural Revolution: increased food production, crop diversification, reduced labor needed -> enclosure movement
  • Enclosure movement: land redistribution; displaced farmers to cities

Industrial Revolution

  • Began in Great Britain due to factors like resources, labor force, stable government.
  • First Industrial Revolution (1760-1840): textile production, steam engine, cotton gin, etc.
  • Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914): US, Russia, Japan; electricity, cars, petroleum.
  • Innovations like the cotton gin, spinning jenny, spinning mule, flying shuttle, Bessemer process, telegraph, and railroads.

Industrial Revolution: Social and Economic Impacts

  • Rise of social classes (aristocracy, bourgeoisie, proletariat).
  • Urbanization and overcrowded cities.
  • Harsh working conditions for the working class (women and children).
  • Child labor (Factory Act of 1819).
  • Rise of unions and social unrest.
  • Ideology of domesticity for middle-class women.
  • Working-class women faced specific challenges (employment disparity)

Industrialization Spread: United States

  • Technological advancements like interchangeable parts, assembly lines.
  • Progressive reforms for workers.

Industrialization Spread: Germany, Russia, Ottoman Empire

  • Germany: Middle class challenged aristocracy.
  • Russia: Early industrialization driven by state policy; rapid urbanization, socialist support, violent potential.
  • Ottoman Empire (Defensive Modernization): Tanzimat Reforms failed due to opposition.

Industrialization Spread: Egypt

  • Muhammad Ali Pasha attempted modernization but failed to compete with Britain.
  • Suez Canal’s impact.

Industrialization Spread: Japan

  • Westernization, Meiji Restoration, modernization spurred by foreign pressures.
  • Zaibatsu (large business conglomerates).

Industrialization Spread: China

  • Self-Strengthening Movement failed due to lack of broader support.

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