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Questions and Answers
What major shift did the Scientific Revolution bring about in terms of knowledge acquisition?
What major shift did the Scientific Revolution bring about in terms of knowledge acquisition?
Which figure is credited with formulating the laws of motion and universal gravitation?
Which figure is credited with formulating the laws of motion and universal gravitation?
Which Enlightenment thinker is known for advocating the separation of government powers?
Which Enlightenment thinker is known for advocating the separation of government powers?
What role did nationalism play in the context of European unification during the 19th century?
What role did nationalism play in the context of European unification during the 19th century?
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What was a key motivation for the abolition movement that began in Britain?
What was a key motivation for the abolition movement that began in Britain?
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How did the Enlightenment contribute to the spread of feminism?
How did the Enlightenment contribute to the spread of feminism?
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What was a significant challenge faced by former slaves after emancipation?
What was a significant challenge faced by former slaves after emancipation?
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Who among the following is recognized for advocating for women's rights during the Enlightenment?
Who among the following is recognized for advocating for women's rights during the Enlightenment?
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What was a common misconception about the relationship between science and religion during the Scientific Revolution?
What was a common misconception about the relationship between science and religion during the Scientific Revolution?
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What major societal change was promoted by the Enlightenment's ideas about government?
What major societal change was promoted by the Enlightenment's ideas about government?
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What was one of the main consequences of the Seven Years War for the American colonies?
What was one of the main consequences of the Seven Years War for the American colonies?
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Which Enlightenment idea emphasizes that governments derive their authority from the consent of the governed?
Which Enlightenment idea emphasizes that governments derive their authority from the consent of the governed?
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What was a significant impact of the French Revolution during the Reign of Terror?
What was a significant impact of the French Revolution during the Reign of Terror?
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What social change did the French Revolution notably achieve regarding class distinctions?
What social change did the French Revolution notably achieve regarding class distinctions?
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Which revolutionary figure led an uprising that ultimately led to the abolition of slavery in Haiti?
Which revolutionary figure led an uprising that ultimately led to the abolition of slavery in Haiti?
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What was one result of the enclosure movement in Britain during the Agricultural Revolution?
What was one result of the enclosure movement in Britain during the Agricultural Revolution?
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Which technological advancement was pivotal in the First Industrial Revolution, particularly in textile production?
Which technological advancement was pivotal in the First Industrial Revolution, particularly in textile production?
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What was one significant characteristic of the working class during the Industrial Revolution?
What was one significant characteristic of the working class during the Industrial Revolution?
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What was the primary aim of the Tanzimat Reforms in the Ottoman Empire?
What was the primary aim of the Tanzimat Reforms in the Ottoman Empire?
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Which figure played a significant role in initiating the Mexican Revolution?
Which figure played a significant role in initiating the Mexican Revolution?
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What was a key feature of the Meiji Restoration in Japan?
What was a key feature of the Meiji Restoration in Japan?
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What social issue emerged in the United States as a response to industrialization?
What social issue emerged in the United States as a response to industrialization?
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What was a key difference between the Industrial Revolution in Russia and that in Great Britain?
What was a key difference between the Industrial Revolution in Russia and that in Great Britain?
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Which of the following best describes the social structure in colonial Haiti prior to the revolution?
Which of the following best describes the social structure in colonial Haiti prior to the revolution?
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Study Notes
Scientific Revolution
- Driven by evidence and reason, not religious dogma
- Challenged church authority and social/political systems
- Used to justify existing hierarchies (gender, race)
- European universities' autonomy facilitated its development.
- The Reformation encouraged questioning authority, fostering literacy.
- Key figures included Copernicus (heliocentric model), Galileo (telescope, human insignificance), and Newton (gravity, laws of physics).
- Scientists often were Jesuits and believed in faith and science coexistance.
- The Catholic Church opposed new scientific ideas and persecuted Galileo.
The Enlightenment
- Argued the universe is rational and governed by understandable natural laws.
- Promoted rationalism (human reason), progressivism (social improvement), liberalism/humanism (natural rights, limited government).
- Key figures included Adam Smith (economics), Montesquieu (separation of powers), John Locke (social contract), Voltaire (tolerance, speech), and Mary Wollstonecraft (women's rights).
- Enlightenment thinkers generally opposed widespread women's rights.
Repercussions of Revolution: Nationalism
- Emphasized national unity and distinct cultures.
- Led to the unification of Italy and Germany and the creation of nations (Greece, Serbia).
- Other groups (Poles, Ukrainians) sought independence.
- Nationalism also fostered rivalries and conflict.
- Governments promoted shared culture, sometimes at the expense of diversity (ex: attempts to lessen ethnic diversity).
- Zionism emerged as a Jewish nationalist movement.
- Lola Rodriguez de Tio advocated for Puerto Rican independence.
Repercussions of Revolution: Abolition Movement
- Rooted in religious and Enlightenment ideals (human equality).
- Slave revolts in Haiti and Jamaica.
- Resistance to abolition in economies reliant on slavery.
- Lasting inequality, despite abolition: sharecropping, etc.
- Enlightenment ideas were used for abolition, but they also rationalized existing racism.
Repercussions of Revolution: Feminism
- Maternal feminism emphasized the importance of mothers in society.
- First-wave feminists (middle/upper class) advocated for education, jobs, and suffrage.
- Movements spread globally, e.g., Kartini (Indonesia) and Huda Sharawi (Egypt).
- Feminism sometimes clashed with nationalist sentiments.
Atlantic Revolutions: American Revolution
- Motivations for revolution:
- Taxation (Stamp Act, Townshend Acts, Tea Act)
- Seven Years' War
- Reduced political autonomy
- Enlightenment ideals justified revolution:
- Popular sovereignty
- Natural rights.
- Consent of the governed.
- Social contract.
- Declaration of Independence (Thomas Jefferson).
- Limited social transformation afterward.
- Served as a model for future revolutions.
Atlantic Revolutions: French Revolution
- Absolute monarchy; social inequalities (Three Estates).
- Bankruptcy (Seven Years' War, lavish spending).
- Bread riots.
- Third Estate forms National Assembly.
- Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen.
- Storming of the Bastille.
- Reign of Terror (Robespierre).
- Significant social change: equality, religious freedom, abolition of slavery.
- Women played roles (Women's March on Versailles, Olympe de Gouges, declaration of the rights of women).
- Napoleon's rise: spread Revolutionary ideals while conquering Europe.
- Congress of Vienna: post-Napoleon's defeat; restored old order, alliances.
Atlantic Revolutions: Haitian Revolution
- Complex social structure based on race, class, and gender.
- Grand blancs (rich whites), petits blancs (poor whites), gens de couleur libres (free people of color), enslaved people.
- Desire for freedom across all groups.
- Led by Toussaint L'Ouverture.
- Successful slave revolt, abolished slavery and destroyed sugar economy.
- Inspired other revolts, but also led to tightened conditions in other slave societies.
- Single most successful slave revolt in history.
Atlantic Revolutions: Latin American Revolutions
- Casta system (racial hierarchy).
- Tupac Amaru Rebellion (native rebellion).
- Latin American revolutions often driven by grievances
- French revolution weakened established governments, making Latin America vulnerable to revolution.
- Key figures like Miguel Hidalgo, Jose Morelos, Simon Bolivar.
Industrial Revolution: Precursors
- Agricultural Revolution: increased food production, crop diversification, reduced labor needed -> enclosure movement
- Enclosure movement: land redistribution; displaced farmers to cities
Industrial Revolution
- Began in Great Britain due to factors like resources, labor force, stable government.
- First Industrial Revolution (1760-1840): textile production, steam engine, cotton gin, etc.
- Second Industrial Revolution (1870-1914): US, Russia, Japan; electricity, cars, petroleum.
- Innovations like the cotton gin, spinning jenny, spinning mule, flying shuttle, Bessemer process, telegraph, and railroads.
Industrial Revolution: Social and Economic Impacts
- Rise of social classes (aristocracy, bourgeoisie, proletariat).
- Urbanization and overcrowded cities.
- Harsh working conditions for the working class (women and children).
- Child labor (Factory Act of 1819).
- Rise of unions and social unrest.
- Ideology of domesticity for middle-class women.
- Working-class women faced specific challenges (employment disparity)
Industrialization Spread: United States
- Technological advancements like interchangeable parts, assembly lines.
- Progressive reforms for workers.
Industrialization Spread: Germany, Russia, Ottoman Empire
- Germany: Middle class challenged aristocracy.
- Russia: Early industrialization driven by state policy; rapid urbanization, socialist support, violent potential.
- Ottoman Empire (Defensive Modernization): Tanzimat Reforms failed due to opposition.
Industrialization Spread: Egypt
- Muhammad Ali Pasha attempted modernization but failed to compete with Britain.
- Suez Canal’s impact.
Industrialization Spread: Japan
- Westernization, Meiji Restoration, modernization spurred by foreign pressures.
- Zaibatsu (large business conglomerates).
Industrialization Spread: China
- Self-Strengthening Movement failed due to lack of broader support.
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Description
Explore the pivotal concepts and key figures of the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment. This quiz covers the shift towards evidence-based reasoning, the challenge to traditional authority, and the promotion of rational thought during these transformative periods. Test your knowledge on influential thinkers like Copernicus, Galileo, Newton, and others.
