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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of the scientific method?
What is the primary purpose of the scientific method?
- To establish new scientific knowledge (correct)
- To promote a specific ideology or belief system
- To disprove existing scientific theories
- To conduct experiments for the sake of experimentation
Which type of reasoning is the scientific method based on?
Which type of reasoning is the scientific method based on?
- Analogical reasoning
- Deductive reasoning
- Abductive reasoning
- Inductive reasoning (correct)
Who supported Bacon's philosophy of scientists being driven by observation and evidence rather than desires?
Who supported Bacon's philosophy of scientists being driven by observation and evidence rather than desires?
- Isaac Newton (correct)
- Johannes Kepler
- René Descartes
- Galileo Galilei
Which of the following is NOT typically considered a step in the scientific method?
Which of the following is NOT typically considered a step in the scientific method?
Which scientist opposed Bacon's empiricism and instead promoted rationalism?
Which scientist opposed Bacon's empiricism and instead promoted rationalism?
What is the opposite of inductive reasoning, which the scientific method is based on?
What is the opposite of inductive reasoning, which the scientific method is based on?
Who is often credited as the father of modern philosophy and promoted deductive reasoning?
Who is often credited as the father of modern philosophy and promoted deductive reasoning?
Which philosopher believed that true knowledge was innate and not derived solely from observations?
Which philosopher believed that true knowledge was innate and not derived solely from observations?
According to the passage, when was the scientific method invented?
According to the passage, when was the scientific method invented?
Who influenced Newton through the invention of analytical geometry, though they had differing scientific methods?
Who influenced Newton through the invention of analytical geometry, though they had differing scientific methods?
What was the primary argument of Francis Bacon in his work Novum Organum?
What was the primary argument of Francis Bacon in his work Novum Organum?
Which of the following statements best describes Aristotle's contribution to the scientific method?
Which of the following statements best describes Aristotle's contribution to the scientific method?
What was the significance of the Islamic Golden Age of Science in the development of the scientific method?
What was the significance of the Islamic Golden Age of Science in the development of the scientific method?
What was the primary argument made by Roger Bacon in his work Opus Tertium?
What was the primary argument made by Roger Bacon in his work Opus Tertium?
What was Galileo Galilei's primary contribution to the scientific method?
What was Galileo Galilei's primary contribution to the scientific method?
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Study Notes
The Scientific Method
- A systematic approach to establish scientific knowledge or modify existing knowledge
- Considered the foundation of modern science
- Generally involves: making an observation, asking a question, researching, proposing a hypothesis, testing with an experiment, drawing a conclusion, and repeating
Inductive Reasoning vs Deductive Reasoning
- Inductive reasoning: using observations to reach a conclusion (used in scientific method)
- Deductive reasoning: assuming a conclusion and trying to make observations fit (opposite of inductive reasoning)
Development of the Scientific Method
- Not invented at a particular time, but developed through a scientific culture
- Contributed to by thinkers such as Isaac Newton, René Descartes, Francis Bacon, and ancient Greek philosophers
René Descartes' Scientific Method
- Promoted rationalism and deductive reasoning
- Believed true knowledge lay in the mind, not in observations
- Famous quote: "I think, therefore I am"
Sir Francis Bacon and the Scientific Method
- Considered the father of the scientific method
- Published "Novum Organum" in 1620, outlining the scientific method
- Argued for inductive reasoning and a scientific community
- Influenced by earlier thinkers such as Aristotle and Roger Bacon
Historical Influences on the Scientific Method
- Ancient Greek philosophers, such as Aristotle, who championed empiricism
- Islamic Golden Age of Science, where scientists like Abu Rayhan al-Biruni used experimentation
- European thinkers like Roger Bacon, who promoted experimental science
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