The Scientific Method and Peptic Ulcers
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Questions and Answers

What was the initial belief about the cause of peptic ulcers?

  • Genetic factors
  • Stress and spicy foods (correct)
  • Bacteria
  • Dietary habits

    • Heliobacter Pylori was discovered to cause peptic ulcers through initial successful experiments.

    False

    Who conducted the experiment involving ingestion of Heliobacter Pylori?

    Marshall

    Van Helmont's experiment suggested that plants grew from sources other than _____ .

    <p>soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What methodology did Marshall and Warren follow in their research on ulcers?

    <p>Primary sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the scientist with their hypothesis:

    <p>Marshall = Peptic ulcers are caused by Heliobacter Pylori Van Helmont = Plants grow from sources other than soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Marshall's self-experiment raised no ethical concerns.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significant outcome of Marshall taking antibiotics after developing an ulcer?

    <p>The ulcer began to resolve itself.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was incorrectly concluded about plant growth?

    <p>Plants grow from water alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The methodology of the investigations conducted on plant growth included a control variable.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of energy that drives plant growth through photosynthesis?

    <p>Sunlight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spencer's hypothesis was that microwaves could be harnessed to cook food __________.

    <p>efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following researchers with their conclusions:

    <p>Researcher on plants = Plants grow from transforming soil into bark. Spencer = Microwaves can be harnessed to heat food efficiently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of data was predominantly used during the Renaissance era?

    <p>Qualitative data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spencer's investigation on microwaves was considered a diligent scientific experiment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the common belief about plant growth that was disproved?

    <p>Plants grow from transforming soil into bark, roots and leaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary conclusion drawn from Doppler's experiment?

    <p>Sound frequencies change relative to the stationary observer when the sound source moves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Priestley's experiments demonstrated that plants release phlogisticated air.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the key factor that allowed the mouse and flame to survive in Priestley's experiment?

    <p>The presence of the plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The change in sound frequency observed by Doppler is a result of the __________ effect.

    <p>Doppler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of a scientific report with their descriptions:

    <p>Abstract = Summary of key findings Method = Materials and procedures used Results = Data represented often with graphs Conclusion = Summary of results and hypothesis status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of Priestley's methodology was primarily qualitative?

    <p>Observation of flame and mouse behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Doppler hired stationary trumpeters to observe changes in sound pitch.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of significant figures in scientific measurements?

    <p>They indicate the precision of measurements.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method that Eratosthenes used to estimate the circumference of the Earth?

    <p>Observing the angles of shadows cast by objects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Eratosthenes conducted multiple experiments to verify his results.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What angle did Eratosthenes measure in Alexandria?

    <p>7.2°</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microwaves produce a type of heat called ___________ heat.

    <p>radiant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What assumption did Eratosthenes make about how the sun's light reaches the Earth?

    <p>The sun's rays fall in parallel beams.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What circumference did Eratosthenes theorize for the Earth?

    <p>40,000 km</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major limitation of Eratosthenes' methodology?

    <p>He only conducted his experiment once.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their respective descriptions:

    <p>Microwaves = Type of electromagnetic wave Eratosthenes = Calculated Earth's circumference using shadows Shadow angle = Measured to estimate distance Radiant heat = Heat exchange via electromagnetic waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about interior zeros is true?

    <p>Zeros after a non-zero with a decimal are significant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Collaborative work ensures that each member has full control over their tasks.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of working independently?

    <p>You are more likely to have limited knowledge as you cannot collaborate with others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The method that involves deliberately manipulating a variable in a scientific experiment is called ______.

    <p>Experimental</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of research methodology with their descriptions:

    <p>Quantitative Research = Numerical data analysis Qualitative Research = Descriptive analysis of non-numerical data Correlational Research = Examining the relationship between variables Mixed Methods = Combining both quantitative and qualitative approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of working collaboratively?

    <p>There is a shared workload among team members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Observational research involves interfering with the subject during an experiment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one advantage of working independently.

    <p>You don’t have to wait for others to conduct their research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Scientific Method

    • Four main steps to conducting scientific experiments:
      • Make observations
      • Ask interesting questions
      • Develop testable hypotheses
      • Gather data to test predictions

    Peptic Ulcers

    • Hypothesis: Peptic ulcers are caused by a bacterium called Helicobacter Pylori.
    • Method: Warren and Marshall wanted to investigate peptic ulcers.
      • They previously collected data on patients with gastrointestinal disorders. They found the bacteria in every patient with ulcers.
      • They then conducted experiments: tried to infect tissue cultures with the bacteria, no success.
      • Marshall then infected himself, experiencing ulcer development.
      • He took antibiotics and the ulcer resolved, proving the hypothesis.
    • Methodology: Used primary sources to examine the ulcers themselves.

    Deviation from Scientific Method

    • Challenges to scientific beliefs: Questioned widely-held beliefs about the cause of peptic ulcers.
    • Limited successful tests: Only had one, and it was unconventional and unusual early on.
    • Ethical concerns: Ethical concerns were raised by ingesting bacteria for experimentation
    • Negative reception: The scientific community initially scorned Marshall's work.
    • Incomplete scientific procedures : Lacked rigorous controls or data collection procedures that would be considered valid by today's scientific standard.

    Conclusion

    • The conclusion was that bacteria cause peptic ulcers.

    Van Helmont

    • Hypothesis: Plants grow from external sources other than the soil.
    • Method: Van Helmont planted willows and precisely measured the mass of the soil and plant over five years.
    • Methodology: He carried out his own investigations. His work is considered a primary source.
    • The study concluded that the mass of the plant was related to the water he added from observations of the soil.

    Spencer

    • Hypothesis: Microwaves could be used to efficiently cook food.
    • Method: Conducted informal experiments using microwaves on different foods (like popcorn and eggs)
    • Methodology: His methodology was primary and informal.
    • Deviation from scientific method: Lack of a formal hypothesis or controlled experimental variables, though he carried out experiments out of curiosity.

    Eratosthenes

    • Hypothesis: Circumference of the Earth could be calculated by shadow lengths.
    • Method: Measured the shadow angle at different locations of the Earth (Syene and Alexandria). He took into account the distance between these two locations. Used proportions and calculations to produce estimates. He was able to produce a precise estimate of the radius of Earth.
    • Methodology: He conducted primary investigations to learn through experimentation

    Doppler

    • Hypothesis: Sound frequencies change relative to the observer.
    • Method: He had trumpeters play on a train and noticed a change in pitch based on the movement of the train.
    • Methodology: Primary investigation.

    Priestley

    • Hypothesis: Dephlogisticated air is released by green plants, and it's necessary for combustion and respiration.
    • Method: Used controlled experiments involving jars, plants, a mouse, and candle.
    • Results: The flame and mouse survived when a plant was introduced, unlike trials without a plant.
    • The plant was discovered to produce an opposite effect of respiration, which is now called photosynthesis.

    Methodology Types

    • Quantitative Research: Focused on numbers and measurements.
    • Qualitative Research: Focused on observations and descriptions.
    • Correlational Research: Examines relationships between variables.
    • Mixed Methods: Utilizes both quantitative and qualitative approaches.
    • Observational: Observing subjects without interference.
    • Experimental: Manipulating variables to study their effects.
    • Descriptive: Describing what occurs, not why.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the scientific method with a focus on the study of peptic ulcers. Participants will learn about the steps in scientific experimentation and the revolutionary hypothesis that peptic ulcers are caused by Helicobacter Pylori. Dive deeper into the challenges of established scientific beliefs and how research methodologies can evolve.

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