Psychology Chapter: Scientific Method and Theories
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Questions and Answers

In the scientific method, a _______ is a testable and falsifiable prediction.

hypothesis

What was the first and last name of the person who proposed the hierarchy of needs?

Abraham Maslow

The operant conditioning chamber (also known as the _______) is a device used to study operant conditioning.

skinner box

If Marilyn wants to become a psychology professor at a university, what level of degree will she need to obtain?

<p>PhD</p> Signup and view all the answers

Structuralism was a school of psychological thought that was concerned with the operation of the whole mind, while Functionalism was only concerned with the contents of mental processes.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What school of psychology thought emerged in rejection of the pessimistic and reductionistic works of Freud and Watson?

<p>Humanistic Psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Marketing and sales are the most common occupation for someone who graduates with a BA in psychology.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is modern psychology an empirical science?

<p>It relies on objective measures and the scientific method.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The individual was the first 'psychologist' who thought psychology should be used to identify components of consciousness. What was their first and last name?

<p>Wilhelm Wundt</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kinds of skills do psychology students gain from their studies?

<p>Critical thinking, empirical research skills, and information literacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a strength of survey research?

<p>easier to generalize</p> Signup and view all the answers

This type of observational research study focuses on one or a few individuals.

<p>clinical or case study</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scientific hypotheses are _______ and falsifiable.

<p>testable</p> Signup and view all the answers

Scientific knowledge is _______.

<p>empirical</p> Signup and view all the answers

A correlation coefficient indicates the weakest relationship when it is closest to what number?

<p>0</p> Signup and view all the answers

Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of attrition.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of research uses existing records to answer a research question?

<p>archival research</p> Signup and view all the answers

This type of research study takes place when the researcher manipulates a variable to understand the other dependent or outcome variables.

<p>experiment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Violent crimes and ice cream sales are positively correlated.

<p>As one variable increases the other variable increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Annual income is negatively correlated with stress levels.

<p>As one variable increases the other variable decreases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is no correlation between the number of metal albums inst. Simpson owns and the amount of hours they grade.

<p>There is no meaningful relationship between the variables.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sudden, permanent change in a sequence of DNA called?

<p>mutation</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of chromosomes do humans have?

<p>23</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of a neuron receives incoming signals from other neurons?

<p>dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

Multiple sclerosis involves a breakdown of the synaptic vesicles.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

An action potential involves Na+ moving inside the cell and K+ moving outside the cell.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The central nervous system is comprised of what?

<p>the brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

A _______ uses magnetic fields to create pictures of a given tissue.

<p>MRI</p> Signup and view all the answers

What provides scaffolding and support to the nervous system?

<p>glial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are in the frontal lobe?

<p>prefrontal cortex, motor cortex, broca's area</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does an action potential do in terms of neuronal communication?

<p>moves the electrical signal from the soma to the axon terminals</p> Signup and view all the answers

_______ occurs when there is a chronic deficiency in sleep.

<p>sleep debt</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sleep spindles and K-complexes are most often associated with what sleep stage?

<p>2 (stage 2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This type of content of a dream refers to the true meaning of the dream according to Freud. What type of content is this?

<p>latent</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the loss of muscle tone or control that is often associated with narcolepsy?

<p>cataplexy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another word for sleepwalking?

<p>somnambulism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Meditation is most effective in individuals that are very open to the power of suggestion.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

At the age of 23, what is the recommended amount of sleep to get each night?

<p>7-9 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the theories of why humans need sleep?

<p>Evolutionarily, sleep protected us from predatory risk. Sleep protects cognitive functioning and aids in memory and learning. Sleep restores expanded resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tyler often wakes up with bruises and scratches on his face. Tyler's partner says he watches Tyler move sporadically throughout the night, sometimes hitting and kicking at the air around him. Tyler may have what condition?

<p>RBD</p> Signup and view all the answers

What class of drug increases blood pressure and creates a sense of mild euphoria in low doses? (In higher doses, these drugs can cause agitation, paranoia, and sometimes cause hallucinations.)

<p>stimulants</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classical conditioning is a form of associative learning.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what kind of conditioning does the stimulus occurs before the behavior and eventually gets paired with the behavior?

<p>classical</p> Signup and view all the answers

In operant conditioning, what would you call when you take away a pleasant stimulus to stop a behavior?

<p>negative punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which are examples of primary reinforcers?

<p>food, water, and sex</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do we call the process of rewarding successive approximations toward a target behavior?

<p>shaping</p> Signup and view all the answers

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule?

<p>variable ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps of the modeling process in the correct order?

<p>attention, retention, reproduction, motivation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Classical conditioning happens when a person or animal associates a behavior with its outcome.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cindy notices that her daughter won't stay seated in the cart when grocery shopping. Cindy decides to give her daughter a piece of candy if she stays seated in the cart the duration of the trip. This is an example of what kind of outcome in operant conditioning?

<p>positive reinforcement</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rex, the puppy, gets excited when he hears the cabinet door open after learning that the cabinet door sound leads to the sound of his kibble bag opening. This is an example of _______.

<p>higher-order conditioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Scientific Method and Psychology

  • A hypothesis is a testable and falsifiable prediction.
  • Empirical science relies on objective measures and the scientific method.
  • Wilhelm Wundt is considered the first psychologist focused on components of consciousness.

Key Psychological Theories

  • Abraham Maslow proposed the hierarchy of needs.
  • Structuralism examines the structure of the mind; Functionalism focuses on mental processes.
  • Humanistic psychology arose in response to Freud and Watson's reductionism.

Educational and Career Paths

  • A PhD is required to become a university psychology professor.
  • Graduates with a BA in psychology often pursue careers outside of marketing and sales.

Research Methodologies

  • Survey research strengths include ease of generalization.
  • Longitudinal research can struggle with high attrition rates.
  • Archival research uses existing records for studies.
  • Experiments involve manipulating variables to assess outcomes.

Correlation and Variables

  • A correlation coefficient of 0 indicates no relationship between variables.
  • Positively correlated variables increase together, while negatively correlated variables exhibit inversely proportional relationships.

Biology of Psychology

  • Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes; mutations represent sudden changes in DNA sequences.
  • Neurons receive signals through dendrites; the central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord.
  • Action potentials involve sodium ions entering and potassium ions exiting the cell, facilitating neuronal communication.

Sleep and Dreaming

  • Sleep debt occurs due to chronic sleep deficiency, recommended at 7-9 hours for young adults.
  • Stage 2 sleep is characterized by sleep spindles and K-complexes.
  • Latent content, according to Freud, refers to the true meaning behind dreams.

Sleep Disorders

  • Cataplexy is the loss of muscle control associated with narcolepsy.
  • Somnambulism is another term for sleepwalking.
  • REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) involves acting out dreams, leading to potential injuries.

Learning Theories

  • Stimulants increase blood pressure and induce mild euphoria at low doses; in high doses, they can cause paranoia and hallucinations.
  • Classical conditioning is a form of associative learning where the stimulus precedes the behavior.
  • Operant conditioning involves behaviors being influenced by consequences, including positive reinforcement and negative punishment.

Behavioral Techniques

  • Primary reinforcers include essentials like food and water.
  • Shaping rewards successive approximations toward a target behavior.
  • Variable ratio schedules reward unpredictable responses, exemplified by slot machines.

Modeling and Conditioning

  • The modeling process comprises attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.
  • Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior by presenting a pleasant stimulus.
  • Higher-order conditioning connects a previously learned stimulus to a new stimulus.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential components of psychology, including the scientific method, key psychological theories, educational paths, and research methodologies. Test your knowledge on the contributions of notable psychologists and the various research techniques used in the field. Perfect for students interested in psychology and its application.

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