T1 L5: Chemistry and the Physiology of the Synapse

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Questions and Answers

What are the two families of postsynaptic receptors mentioned in the text?

Glu and GABA

mAChR and nAChR

Ionotropic and metabotropic (correct)

NMDA and non NMDA

Which type of postsynaptic receptor is associated with fast transmission?

NMDA receptors

Metabotropic receptors

Glu receptors

Ionotropic receptors (correct)

Which neurotransmitter is associated with heart function and hyperpolarization of K+ channels?

GABA

ACh (correct)

Glu

Which type of receptor is associated with second messenger cascades?

Metabotropic receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is inhibitory?

GABA Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is excitatory?

Glu Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following receptors is inhibitory in the spinal cord and brain stem?

Glycine Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptors transduce signals into the cell through activation of a G-protein?

Metabotropic receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which subunits make up a G-protein?

a, b, and g Signup and view all the answers

Which G-protein subunit stimulates adenylyl cyclase?

Ga Signup and view all the answers

Which second messenger is produced when Gq activates phospholipase C?

IP3 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of protein regulates the activity of many proteins through phosphorylation?

Phosphatases Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of G-protein signaling in neurons?

To amplify weak signals between neurons Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is responsible for fast transmission of information to the postsynaptic neuron?

Ionotropic receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of an antagonist?

To block the activity of an agonist Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is primarily fluxed by glutamate ionotropic receptors?

Na+ Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is activated by acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction?

Ionotropic receptors Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of ionotropic receptors that respond to glutamate?

AMPA, NMDA, Kainate Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is permeable through NMDA receptors?

Ca2+ Signup and view all the answers

What causes the activation of NMDA receptors?

Membrane depolarization Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of metabotropic glutamate receptor?

mGluR3 Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is activated by neurotrophin binding and has intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity?

Receptor tyrosine kinase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a second messenger that can trigger biochemical cascades at synapses?

cAMP Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can modulate the electrical and structural properties of neurons and synapses?

Activation of receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is involved in synaptic integration?

Glutamate Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reading material mentioned in the text?

Neuroplasticity: From Synapses to Behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of synaptic receptor?

Receptor tyrosine kinase Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor can change the firing pattern or activity of postsynaptic neurons?

Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a way in which NE can influence the release of ACh?

Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of neurotransmitter mentioned in the text?

Dopamine Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brainstem and spinal cord?

GABA Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurotransmitter requires a global increase in calcium ion concentration before it can be released?

Neuropeptides Signup and view all the answers

Which type of neurotransmitter is associated with heart function and hyperpolarization of K+ channels?

Serotonin Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ion is primarily fluxed by glutamate ionotropic receptors?

Sodium ions Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of synaptic integration?

To decide the net effect on the postsynaptic neuron Signup and view all the answers

Which type of ion is fluxed by GABA isotropic receptors?

Chloride ions Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)?

To polarize the postsynaptic neuron Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is responsible for fast transmission of information to the postsynaptic neuron?

Ionotropic receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor can change the firing pattern or activity of postsynaptic neurons?

Metabotropic receptors Signup and view all the answers

What are the two families of postsynaptic receptors mentioned in the text?

Ionotropic and metabotropic receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is excitatory?

Glutamate Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is responsible for the initial fast early phase of the excitatory postsynaptic potential?

AMPA receptors Signup and view all the answers

What ion is primarily fluxed by the non-NMDA receptors?

Sodium Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is required as a cofactor for the NMDA receptors to open?

Glycine Signup and view all the answers

What blocks the ion channel of the NMDA receptor when the membrane voltage is not depolarized?

Magnesium ions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is responsible for fast transmission of information to the postsynaptic neuron?

Ionotropic receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of G-protein signaling in neurons?

To activate intracellular messengers Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is excitatory?

Glutamate Signup and view all the answers

What are the two families of postsynaptic receptors mentioned in the text?

Ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about glutamate receptors?

NMDA receptor is named after the agonist NMDA Signup and view all the answers

What is the resting membrane potential without any signals arriving?

-60 millivolts Signup and view all the answers

What is the threshold for an action potential to be fired?

-40 millivolts Signup and view all the answers

What happens when multiple excitatory inputs arrive at the same time?

The membrane potential reaches the threshold and an action potential is fired Signup and view all the answers

Which ion is involved in the activation of different enzymes and neuroplasticity in the postsynaptic cell?

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

What is believed to be the molecular mechanism that leads to long term memory formation?

Activation of NMDA receptors Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of glutamate in schizophrenia?

Glutamate plays a role in schizophrenia Signup and view all the answers

Which substances can inhibit the NMDA receptor?

PCP and ketamine Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is associated with second messenger cascades?

Metabotropic receptors Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is primarily excitatory?

Glutamate Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT True regarding Ionotropic receptors?

Channels made of 3 subunits that fold together toform the central pore Signup and view all the answers

Regarding fast synaptic transmission: What type of ionotropic receptors in general flux Na+, which causes an EPSP (Excitatory Post Synaptic Potential) depolarizing the postsynaptic neuron. Enough depolarization, due to multiple receptors being activated or repeated activation, can cause the postsynaptic cell to fire an action potentia

Glutamate Signup and view all the answers

Regarding fast transmission. what type of ionotropic receptors flux Cl-, which causes an IPSP (InhibitoryPost Synaptic Potential) hyperpolarizing the postsynaptic neuron.This inhibits the neuron from firing unless there is sufficient glutamatestimulation to counteract the hyperpolarization.

GABA Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT true regarding FAST synaptic transmission?

An integration of all the changes in membrane potential will decide whether a presynaptic neuron will fire an action potential ornot Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a type of ionotropic receptor have been described that respond to glutamate? GluR

Glutamate Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT true regarding the pharmacology of ionotropic GluR

Kainate receptors/ Agonist AMPA Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT true regarding Non-NMDA receptors (AMPA and Kainate)?

Responsible for early phase IPSP Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT true regarding NMDA receptors?

NMDA receptors responsible for a early phase EPSP. Activated only in an already depolarized membrane in the presence ofglutamate Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT true regarding NMDA receptors - regulation of channel opening?

AMPA or NMDA antagonists. Faster kinetics of NMDA channel -late phase EPSP Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT true regarding NMDA receptors - dysregulation?

Certain antipsychotic drugs block current flow through NMDA channel Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT true regarding other ionotropic receptors?

ATP - inhibitory Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT true regarding Metabotropic receptors?

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have six transmembrane domain proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT true regarding G-proteins?

in resting state the heteromer is bound to GTP. on binding of a ligand to the receptor the GDP is switched for a GTP and the heteromer splits in two. The Ga subunit and Gbg complex divide and diffuse separately through the membrane Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT true regarding Second messenger cascades: cAMP?

Gs inhibits adenylyl cyclase thus stimulating the synthesis of cAMP and the subsequent activation of protein kinase A (PKA) Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT true regarding Modulation by receptor activation?

Post- synaptic receptors - change amount of transmitter released Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a type of metabotropic glutamate receptor?

Group III: mGluR4,6,7+8 Gq Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a Metabotropic receptors?

Glutamate receptor Signup and view all the answers

Second messengers: trigger biochemical cascades by NOT

Mobilizing Ca2+ from extracellular stores Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chemistry and Physiology of the Synapse

Neurotransmitters can be classified into four main types: amino acids, monoamines, acetylcholine, and neuropeptides.
Receptors are specific to neurotransmitters, but each neurotransmitter can have multiple receptors.
There are two types of postsynaptic receptors: ionotropic and metabotropic.
Ionotropic receptors are responsible for fast transmission of information and are similar to voltage-gated ion channels.
Metabotropic receptors transduce signals into the cell through activation of G-proteins.
Glutamate is an excitatory neurotransmitter, while GABA is inhibitory. Other neurotransmitters modulate neuronal activity.
Ionotropic glutamate receptors flux Na+ and cause excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs).
Ionotropic GABA receptors flux Cl- and cause inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs).
Acetylcholine, serotonin, and ATP also activate ionotropic receptors.
NMDA receptors are a type of glutamate receptor that require an extracellular glycine and can be blocked by certain drugs.
Metabotropic receptors activate G-proteins, which trigger intracellular events that can lead to ion channel opening.
G-proteins are composed of three subunits and can stimulate or inhibit various effector proteins. They can amplify signals between neurons.

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Description

Test your knowledge on ionotropic receptors and cell damage associated with cardiac arrest, stroke, oxygen deficiency, and seizures in this quiz. Learn about the role of receptors like glutamate, GABA(A), glycine, nicotine, and serotonin in the central nervous system.