40 Questions
What was the first commodity that the English discovered that some Chinese could be made to want that depended on European merchants for its provision?
Opium
Who believed that citizens have a social contract with their government?
Rousseau
Who is the principal source of the separation of powers and checks and balances ideas?
Montesquieu
Who led the American diplomats in trying to form an alliance with the French during the Revolutionary War?
Benjamin Franklin
What type of system did medieval kings have, which gave them absolute control over the government?
Absolutism
What was the name of the Portuguese prince who planned to bypass the Italians and trade directly with China and India?
Henry the Navigator
What natural barriers protected Egypt from invasion and gave it a sense of security?
Deserts to the west and east
What social class did medieval kings create, enrich, and empower to have an army?
Nobles
What was the first product that the English discovered that some Chinese could be made to want, which depended on European merchants for its provision?
Opium
Which country ended up importing more 'New World' silver than any other?
China
Which group brought stability to the Eurasian trade routes, increasing trade but also spreading the bubonic plague?
Mongols
Who founded a college to train seamen and sent successive expeditions down the West coast of Africa, establishing trading posts and looking for a way to turn East?
Henry the Navigator
Which country acquired Cape Colony and a series of islands in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean to protect its route to India?
British
Which country planned to bypass the Italians and trade directly with China and India?
England
Who developed a printing system by adapting existing technologies and making new inventions, reducing the cost of printing books?
Johannes Gutenberg
Who wrote Il principe (The Prince) in 1513?
Niccolò Machiavelli
What was the system of government in most of Europe during the 18th century?
Absolutism
What was the focus of European literature in the 14th century?
Human beings and society
Who dominated the medieval world politically, economically, and socially?
Nobles
What was the impact of the demographic crisis of the 14th century on Europe?
A dramatic rise in the price of labor
What were the two most famous city-states of the Greeks?
Sparta and Athens
What was the characteristic of a polis?
A town or city with its surrounding countryside
What was the significance of tyranny in Greek history?
It destroyed the aristocratic oligarchies
Who was the son of King Philip II of Macedonia?
Alexander the Great
What was a primary religious goal of the Crusades?
To recapture the holy land
What was a consequence of the Crusades on European society?
The rise of independent shop and inn operations
What was a long-term effect of the Mongol Empire's expansion?
The spread of the Black Death from Asia to Europe
What was a consequence of the Black Death on European economy?
A huge increase in fabrics and laborers' wages
What was the main idea behind the concept of 'The Great Chain of Being'?
That the universe is an hierarchical, ordered system
What was an impact of the Crusades on the power of the Church in Europe?
It led to a decline in the Church's power in Europe
What was a consequence of the Black Death on the European population?
Millions of people died
What was the name of the system that existed in most of Europe during the 18th century?
Old Regime
What invention is associated with Johann Gutenberg in the 13th century?
The first printing press
What was the significance of the year 338 B.C.E. in Greek history?
King Philip II defeated the Greeks and established his control over the Greek peninsula
What was the consequence of the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869?
The British expanded into Egypt
What was the characteristic of the rulers known as Greek tyrants?
They seized power by force and were not subject to the law
What was the significance of the Islamic Empire in European history?
It forced Europe proper back upon itself and led to the emergence of a new civilization
What was the role of the Byzantine Empire in European history?
It was a buffer between Europe and the peoples to the east
What was the significance of Solon in Athenian history?
He was a great lawgiver
What was the characteristic of the Polis system?
It was a system of government where citizens could assemble for political, social, and religious activities
Study Notes
Socio-Political System
- Old Regime: a socio-political system existing in most of Europe during the 18th century, where countries were ruled by absolutism – the monarch had absolute control over the government.
Literary Evolution
- Beginning in the 14th century, Europeans began to produce a new kind of literature, less about God and king, and more about humans beings.
Nobility and Peasants
- Nobles and peasants were affected by the demographic crisis of the fourteenth century, resulting in a serious labor shortage, causing a dramatic rise in the price of labor.
City-States
- The two most famous city-states of the Greeks were Sparta, a militaristic polis ruled by an oligarchy, and Athens, which became known for its democratic institutions.
- A polis encompassed a town or city or even a village and its surrounding countryside, with a central place where citizens could assemble for political, social, and religious activities.
Tyranny and Greek History
- Tyranny did not last, but it played a significant role in the evolution of Greek history, as the rule of narrow aristocratic oligarchies was destroyed, paving the way for more people to participate in the affairs of the community.
Macedonian Empire
- Alexander the Great, son of King Philip II of Macedonia, created one of the largest empires of the ancient world by the age of thirty.
European Exploration
- The new Islamic empire forced Europe proper back upon itself, and slowly, a new civilization emerged that became the heart of what we know as Western civilization.
British Expansion
- Once the Suez Canal opened in 1869, the British expanded into Egypt for the same reason.
Old Regime
- Countries were ruled by absolutism, where the monarch had absolute control over the government.
Historical Figures
- King Philip II in 338 B.C.E., defeated the Greeks and established his control over the Greek peninsula.
- Solon, the great lawgiver in Athens.
- The Byzantine Empire, in the east, Greek and eastern elements of late antiquity were of more consequence as the Eastern Roman Empire was transformed into a buffer between Europe and the peoples to the east, also preserving intellectual and legal accomplishments of Greek and Roman antiquity.
- Greek tyrants, rulers who seized power by force and were not subject to the law.
Trade and Exploration
- Herny the Navigator, in 1419, founded a college to train seamen, sending successive expeditions down the West coast of Africa, establishing trading posts and looking for a way to turn East, leading to a century of exploration.
- The Portuguese prince had a different idea, planning to bypass the Italians and go directly to the source, trading with China and India themselves.
Explore the factors that contributed to the emergence of Western civilization, including the impact of American exploration and the rise of the Islamic empire.
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