Western Civilization PDF

Complete the following sentences: 1. One of the far-reaching developments in the history of the Christian church was the emergence of one bishop—that of …………… —as the recognized leader of the western Christian church. 1. Rome 2. Unlike the ……………….., the Macedonians were mostly rural...

Complete the following sentences: 1. One of the far-reaching developments in the history of the Christian church was the emergence of one bishop—that of …………… —as the recognized leader of the western Christian church. 1. Rome 2. Unlike the ……………….., the Macedonians were mostly rural folk and were organized in tribes, not city-states. 2. Greek 3. The population decrease caused by the plague led to an economic............................ 3. depression 4. By the thirteenth century, European............................. were solidifying their governmental institutions in pursuit of greater power. 4. Monarchs 5. While ……………………. were busying themselves in church affairs, the spiritual and political vacuum left by the disintegration of the Roman state allowed bishops to play a more active role in imperial government. 5. Emperor 6. The period from the mid-third century to the mid-eighth century was both chaotic and creative. During late antiquity, the Roman world of the Mediterranean was gradually transformed. With fewer resources and little resolve, the government was less able to repel the …………………. migrants who moved into the western part of the empire. 6. German 7...................... and..................... were the twin cornerstones of pharaonic civilization, the defining characteristics that set it apart from other ancient cultures. 7. writing and kingship 8. Before the revolution, French people were divided into three estates; First Estate.................................., Second Estate................................................. & Third Estate were everyone else. 8.high-raking members of the church, nobility 9. …………………socio‐political system which existed in most of Europe during the 18th century Countries were ruled by absolutism– the monarch had absolute control over the government 9.old-regime 10..Beginning in the 14th century, Europeans began to produce a new kind of literature, less about........................................................... and more about.......................................... 10.god and king, humans beings 1  11. The …………………….who rationalized their warlike attitudes by calling themselves the defenders of Christian society, continued to dominate the medieval world politically, economically, and socially. 11.nobles 12. Both …………………. and ………… …….. were affected by the demographic crisis of the fourteenth century. Most noticeably, Europe experienced a serious labor shortage that caused a dramatic rise in the price of labor. 12.noble landlord, peasants 13. The two most famous city states of the Greeks were................... , a militaristic polis ruled by an oligarchy, and.........................., which became known for its ………………. Institutions 13.sparta,anthens, democratic 14...................... encompassed a town or city or even a village and its surrounding countryside. But each had a central place where the citizens of the polis could assemble for political, social, and religious activities 14.polis 15. ………………. did not last, but it played a significant role in the evolution of.......... history. The rule of narrow aristocratic oligarchies was destroyed. Once the tyrants were eliminated, the door was opened to the participation of more people in the affairs of the community 15.tyranny, Greek 16................................. was the son of King Philip II of Macedonia. King Philip II in 338 B.C.E. defeated the Greeks and established his control over the Greek peninsula 16.alexander the great 17. Alexander the Great created one of the largest empires of the ancient world by the age of thirty, stretching from..................... to northwestern.................... He was undefeated in battle and is widely considered one of history's most successful military commanders. 17.Greece, India 18. The period from the mid-third century to the mid-eighth century was both chaotic and creative. During late antiquity, the..................... world of the Mediterranean was gradually transformed. With fewer resources and little resolve, the government was less able to repel the............... migrants who moved into the western part of the empire 18.Roman, Germanic 19..............................were accused of causing the plague by poisoning town wells. 19.jews 20. …………………was more than a symbolic issue, for it really was the first good the English discovered that some Chinese could be made to want that depended on European merchants for its provision. 20.opium 2  21. In Athens, Political tensions remained high until the election of.................. as the only archon in594 B.C. He canceled outstanding debts, freed many...................., and forbade the use of a citizen’s person as collateral. 21.solon, salves 22. The Chain purported to place every creature and every object in the universe in its proper place. The whole thing was, of course, a recipe for maintaining the.............................. 22.status quo 23. British and French fought China in two.................Wars (1839–1842; 1856–1860) in order to force the Chinese into free trade. 23.opium 24........................and................., they were too late and too far north to make a quantum leap in wealth or status as a result of American exploration. 24.France, England 25. The new...............................empire forced Europe proper back upon itself, and slowly, a new civilization emerged that became the heart of what we know as Western civilization. 25.islamic 26. Once the............................. opened in 1869, the British expanded into Egypt for the same reason. 26.suez-canal 27. Old Regime – socio‐political system which existed in most of Europe during the 18th century – Countries were ruled by...........................– the monarch had absolute control over the government. 27.absolutism Match between the letters: Alexander the He created one of the largest empires of the ancient world by the age of thirty great encompassed a town or city or even a village and its surrounding countryside. But each had The polis a central place where the citizens of the polis could assemble for political, social, and religious activities. Solon The great lawgiver in Athens King philip II in 338 B.C.E., he defeated the Greeks and established his control over the Greek peninsula. The byznatine In the east, Greek and eastern elements of late antiquity were of more consequence as Empire the Eastern Roman Empire was transformed into or Eastern Roman Empire, serving as a buffer between Europe and the peoples to the east, also preserved the intellectual and legal ccomplishments of Greek and Roman antiquity. Greek tyrants Rulers who seized power by force and who were not subject to the law. Tyranny did not last, but it played a significant role in the evolution of Greek history. The rule of narrow aristocratic oligarchies was destroyed. Once the tyrants were eliminated, the door was opened to the participation of more people in the affairs of the community 3 The persian After Philip’s death, Alexander became king and led the Macedonians and Greeks on a spectacular conquest of............................ Empire, opening the door to the spread of Greek culture throughout the ancient Near East. Anciet rome the greatest systematic road builders of the ancient world Islam resulted in the loss of the southern and eastern Mediterranean portions of the old Roman Empire to a religious power that was neither Roman nor Christian Mongol In the mid-fourteenth brought stability to the Eurasian trade routes; increased trade brought prosperity but also avenues for the spread of flea-infested rats that carried bubonic plague to both East Asia and Europe. It destroyed harvests and caused serious food shortages, resulting in extreme hunger The great famine and starvation. The great famine expanded to other parts of Europe in an all-too-familiar pattern, Mountains have been important as barriers to invasion and trade. Forests can be barriers Europe to invasion and produced their own unique economies and societies. People who made their livings at sea were similarly outside the mainstream. developed, a printing system by adapting existing technologies to printing purposes, as well as making inventions of his own, which drastically reduced the cost of printing books Johanes gutenberg and other documents. Or lost all his materials and machines in a lawsuit filed by a creditor. When he died, at around 1468, he was as poor as the rat that started the plague. Italy Although the Renaissance eventually spread north, east, and west, it is generally agreed to have started in…………….. Nicolo machiavelli Sought to advise the ruler himself in Il Principe (The Prince), written in 1513 but published only posthumously in 1532. Galileo Galilei was the first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by means of a telescope. Or his observations demolished yet another aspect of the traditional cosmology in that the universe seemed to be composed of material substance similar to that of the earth rather than ethereal or perfect and unchanging substance. Or an outspoken advocate of the new worldview, found that his ideas were strongly opposed by the authorities of the Catholic Church. In 1498, he rounded the cape, reached India, and returned with ships laden with the Vasco da gama wealth of the East. Based on trade with Africa and the East, Portugal became a major seafaring empire Bartholomew Diaz By 1488, he reached and rounded the Cape of Good Hope. Christopher He headed west to reach the fabled East, but he discovered the new world. columbus Nicholas copernicus made the radical suggestion in 1543 that the Sun was at the center of a solar system in which the Earth was third. Opium was the first good the English discovered that some Chinese could be made to want that depended on European merchants for its provision. Muhammed ali give up control of Syria and Palestine, regarded as home turf by these powers. Rausseau Believed that citizens have a social contract with their government John locke All men are born with natural rights & citizens can revolt from tyrannical governments Montesquieu He is the principal source of the Separation of powers; checks & balances ideas. Benjamin Franlin From the beginning of the revolutionary war, American diplomats, led by tried to form an alliance with the French 4  Herny the In 1419, …………… founded a college to train seamen. He sent successive expeditions down navigator the West coast of Africa, establishing trading posts and looking for a way to turn East. This led to a century of exploration. Or The Portuguese prince, he, had a different idea: He planned to bypass the Italians and go directly to the source, trading with China and India themselves Egypt was blessed by natural barriers that protected it from invasion and gave it a sense of security. These barriers included the deserts to the west and east; the cataracts (rapids) on the southern part of the Nile. China The nation that ended up importing more “New World” silver than any other. True and False Questions: 1.Phoenicians, Egyptians, Greeks, and many others shared a similar diet as well as some ideas and institutions. ⤳t 2.there is evidence of very early trade between Egypt and Mesopotamia. ⤳t 3.Great civilizations are magnets that draw other cultures into their orbits ⤳t 4.Egypt was blessed by natural barriers that protected it from invasion and gave it a sense of security. ⤳t 5.The Greeks and Romans were influenced by these older societies. ⤳t 6.the concept of the West exist at the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, their development of writing, law codes, and different roles based on gender all eventually influenced what became Western civilization. ⤳ f 7.The ancient Mesopotamians and Egyptians developed writing, mathematics, and sophisticated methods of engineering ⤳t 8.In ancient Egypt, many obstacle to prevent the son of a labouring man from rising to the very highest positions in the administration of the empire. ⤳f 9.Athens represented an extreme of democratic government, but its level of public participation was unique. ⤳f 10.Ancient Egypt was the first and perhaps the greatest of the early democracies ⤳f 5  11.The Greeks, took their alphabet from the Egypt and some of their scientific and philosophical ideas from Phoenicians. ⤳f 12.The Egyptians established a number of colonies in the western Mediterranean ⤳f 13.Many of our political terms are Roman in origin ⤳f 14.Roman Emperor broadened the social base of the Athenian government by creating a popularly elected Council of 400 as a check on the powers of the Areopagus. ⤳f 15.In Athens 594 B.C., Political tensions remained high until the election of Hippias as the only archon in He cancelled outstanding debts, freed many slaves, and forbade the use of a citizen’s person as collateral. ⤳f 16.The polis encompassed a town or city or even a village and its surrounding countryside. But each had a central place where the citizens of the polis could assemble for political, social, and religious activities ⤳t 17.King Philip II in 338 B.C.E. unite the Greek State ⤳t 18.The Romans excelled in the practical arts of war, law, engineering, and administration. ⤳t 19.Ancient Egypt was the greatest systematic road builders of the ancient world ⤳f 20.The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people in Eurasia and peaking in Europe from 1347 to 1351. ⤳t 21.Jews were accused of causing the plague by poisoning town wells. ⤳t 22.Since around 1355, the plague had been forcing people to flee to Western Europe from Rome ⤳ f 23.Between 1000 and 1300, Europe had been relatively stable. The division of society into the three estates of clergy (those who fight), nobility (those who pray), and laborers (those who work) had already begun to 6  disintegrate in the thirteenth century, however. In the fourteenth century, a series of urban and rural revolts rocked European society ⤳f 24..Natural features have had a profound effect on European history. Mountains have been important as barriers to invasion and trade. ⤳t 25.Paternalism was the belief, also taught from every pulpit in Europe and often embodied in proclamation and law, that those at the lower end of the chain had a responsibility to look after those below them. ⤳f 26.Paternalism, that is, allegiance, obedience, and respect, was the attitude that the lower orders were supposed to display toward those at the top of the chain ⤳f 27.the Renaissance saw a shift away from the study the real, the human towards abstract heavenly concerns ⤳f 28.Machiavelli was the first European to make systematic observations of the heavens by means of a telescope. ⤳f 29.Both Granada and Navarre kingdoms maintained their own parliaments (Cortes), courts, laws, coinage, speech, customs, and political organs. ⤳f 30.In 1498, Henry the Navigator rounded the cape, reached India, and returned with ships laden with the wealth of the East. ⤳f 31.The nation that ended up importing more “New World” silver than any other was Egypt. ⤳f 32.In the American Revolution, the leader of the Continental Army, George Washington, was the symbol of the American cause. ⤳t 33.In France, people of First Estate are the High‐ranking members of the Church & Unprivileged class ⤳f 34.In France, people of Third Estate are the High‐ranking members of the Church & privileged class ⤳f 35.After the French Revolution, voting in the Estates-General was conducted by estate ⤳f 36.The rise of Byzantine Empire, Rome’s third heir, resulted in the loss of the southern and eastern 7  Mediterranean portions of the old Roman Empire to a religious power that was neither Roman nor Christian. ⤳f 37.Renaissance Humanism sought to change the world through war. ⤳f 38.the problem Europeans faced, and tried to solve through the expeditions, involved their distaste at relying on Chinese merchants for these highly valued goods. This was partly an economic, partly a religious issue ⤳f 39.The American excelled in the practical arts of war, law, engineering, and administration. They possessed in Latin a language of great richness and flexibility that would become the mother of many other tongues, but they borrowed virtually everything else from the Greeks, the Etruscans, the Egyptians, and other ancient cultures of the Near East. ⤳f 40.Many of our political terms are Greek in origin, and so are our concepts of the rights and duties of citizenship, especially as they were conceived in Athens ⤳t 41.The greatest significance of French exploration is that other European powers began to emulate it. ⤳f 42.Western civization, Mesopotamia and Egypt were the first civlizations emerged, thousands of year ago ⤳f MCQ: 1.They charted new routes, not only in the Mediterranean but also in the Atlantic Ocean, where they sailed south along the west coast of Africa. a. The Egyptian b. The Roman c. the Phoenicians d. The Greece 2.The Greek took their alphabet from................. a. The Egyptian b. The roman c. the Phoenicians d. The greece 3.the ……………….. encompassed a town or city or even a village and its surrounding countryside. But each had a central place where the citizens of the polis could assemble for political, social, and religious activities. a. Tyrants b. Areopagus c. Polis d. None of the above 4. ……………Rulers who seized power by force and who were not subject to the law. a. Areopagus b. Social c. Tyrants d. All of the above 5. The Greeks certainly viewed the ………………… as barbarians but did allow them to participate as ‘‘Greeks’’ in the Olympic games beginning in the fifth century B.C.E. a. Egyptians b. Macedonians c. Romans d. Phoenicians 8  6. in 338 B.C.E. defeated the Greeks and established his control over the Greek peninsula. a. Solon b. Darco c. Hippias d. King Philip II 7. ……………..excelled in the practical arts of war, law, engineering, and administration. a. The Egyptians b. The Macedonians c. The Romans d. The Phoenicians 8. ……………..was blessed by natural barriers that protected it from invasion and gave it a sense of security. These barriers included the deserts to the west and east; the cataracts (rapids) on the southern part of the Nile, which made defense relatively easy; and the Mediterranean Sea to the north a. Rome b. Greece c. America d. Egypt 9. As the western part of the Roman Empire disintegrated, a new civilization slowly emerged, formed by: a. The Germanic peoples who moved into the western part of the empire and established new kingdoms.Boost agreement with the audience b. The continuing attraction of the Greco-Roman c. The Christian church d. All of the above 10.After black death, ………………became home to large Jewish communities. a. Eastern Europe b. spain c. Germany d. western europe 11. ………. were accused of causing the plague by poisoning town wells. a. jews b. Muslims c. Christians d. all of the above 12. In the 13th–14th centuries, European kings began to institutionalize these meetings with both barons and townsmen. But only in ……………did the tradition develop that laws and taxes had to be approved by these bodies. a. Italy & France b. England & Spain c. German & Italy d. Rome & Greece 13. Both ………. and ……….. kingdoms maintained their own parliaments (Cortes), courts, laws, coinage, speech, customs, and political organs. a. Castile & Aragon b. Navarre & Granada c. Castile & Granada d. Navarre & Aragon 14. In 1419, …………… founded a college to train seamen. He sent successive expeditions down the West coast of Africa, establishing trading posts and looking for a way to turn East. This led to a century of exploration. a. Henry the Navigator b. Nicholas Copernicus c. Alexander the great d. Johannes gutenberg 15. The Portuguese prince, he, had a different idea: He planned to bypass the Italians and go directly to the source, trading with China and India themselves. a. Henry the Navigator b. Nicholas Copernicus c. Alexander the great d. Johannes gutenberg 16. After exploration, Native civilizations were …………… 9  a. destroyed b. gained new sources of wealth c. purchase luxury goods d. increase their political and military power. 17. In 1498, he rounded the cape, reached India, and returned with ships laden with the wealth of the East. a. Henry the Navigator b. Nicholas Copernicus c. Alexander the great d. Vasco da Gama 18. By 1776, American colonists were divided into 3 groups: a. Patriots supported separation from Britain (independence) b. Neutrals were undecided about which side to choose c. Loyalists wanted to remain British colonies d. All of the above 19. The American Revolution was inspired by: a. John Locke b. Montesquieu c. Rousseau d. All of the above 20- In France, people were: a. First Estate are the High‐ranking members of the Church & Privileged class b. Second Estate are Nobility & Privileged class c. Third Estate are Everyone else from peasants in the countryside to wealthy bourgeoisie merchants in the cities & Unprivileged class d. all the above 21. While the Germanic kingdoms were putting down roots in the west, the eastern part of the old Roman Empire, increasingly Greek in culture, continued as the: a. Muslims b. French Empire c. Byzantine Empire d. Indians 22. The failure of the …………………. to engage in the great game of European imperialism until the 19th century had far-reaching consequences: imperial poverty, powerlessness, and Protestantism. a. Portugal b. France c. England d. Germans 23. Beginning in the fourth century,................. had become the official religion of the Roman Empire. a. Islam b. Roman c. Democracy d. Christianity 24. The......................., who rationalized their warlike attitudes by calling themselves the defenders of Christian society, continued to dominate the medieval world politically, economically, and socially. a. peasants b. nobles c. merchants d. priests 25. The.............................. never engaged in the exploration game and never acquired any major overseas trades or colonies. a. Portugal b. France c. England d. Holy Roman Empire 10  26. Old Regime – socio‐political system which existed in most of Europe during the 18th century – Countries were ruled by...........................– the monarch had absolute control over the government. a. Fascism b. Democracy c. Separation of Powers d. Absolutism 27. Medieval kings created, enriched, and empowered …………. in order to have an army. a. Clergy b. Peasants c. Merchants d. Nobles 28. ……………… was the first good the English discovered that some Chinese could be made to want that depended on European merchants for its provision. a. Opium b. Gold c. Silver d. Wood 29. ……………. brought stability to the Eurasian trade routes; increased trade brought prosperity but also avenues for the spread of flea-infested rats that carried bubonic plague to both East Asia and Europe. a. Egyptians b. Romans c. Mongols d. Muslims 30. In the nineteenth century, the ………………. acquired Cape Colony and a series of islands in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean to protect its route to India. a. Portuguese b. French c. British d. Germans 31........................... planned to bypass the Italians and go directly to the source, trading with China and India themselves. a. France b. Portugal c. India d. England 32.......................... developed, a printing system by adapting existing technologies to printing purposes, as well as making inventions of his own, which drastically reduced the cost of printing books. a. Johannes Gutenberg b. Alexander c. Galileo d. John Locke 33. He wrote Il principe (The Prince) in 1513. a. Vasco da Gama b. Christopher Columbus c. Nicholas Copernicus d. Niccolò Machiavelli 34........................ head west to reach the fabled East, but he discovered the new world. a. Vasco da Gama b. Diaz c. Henry d. Christopher Columbus 35. ………………………., despite his revolutionary invention, when he died, at around 1468, he was as poor as the rat that started the plague. a. Nicholas Copernicus b. Niccolò Machiavelli c. Johannes Gutenberg d. Vasco da Gama 36. In the nineteenth century, the ………………. acquired Cape Colony and a series of islands in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean to protect its route to India. a. Portuguese b. French c. British d. Germans Essay Question 11  1. Define Civilization and Discuss the basic characteristics of civilization? A civilization is a complex culture in which large numbers of human beings share a variety of common elements Basic characteristics of civilization. 1-an urban focus 2-a distinct religious structure 3-new political and military structures 4-a new social structure based on economic power 5-the development of writing 6-new forms of significant artistic and intellectual activity 2. In 476, the last western emperor was deposed. Politically, the Roman Empire in the west was replaced by a new series of Germanic Kingdoms. As the western part of the Roman Empire disintegrated, a new civilization slowly emerged, what are the major elements that formed this new civilization? The Germanic peoples who moved into the western part of the empire and established new kingdoms.Boost agreement with the audience The continuing attraction of the Greco-Roman The Christian church 3. Explain the Causes , goals and effect of the Crusades? Causes of the Crusades Seljuk Turks invaded Byzantine Empire in 1050 A.D. Turks converted to Islam, seized Byzantine lands in Asia Minor and Jerusalem. Byzantine emperor sought military assistance from Pope in Rome. Greek-origin political terms and citizenship rights and duties. Goals of the Crusades Religious Goal: Recapture the holy land Military Goal: Stop Muslim attacks on the Byzantine Empire Political Goal: Kings and the Church saw the Crusades as a way for the knights of Europe to fight together instead of against one another Personal Goal: Young men saw the Crusades as a way to gain wealth and a better position in society. Effects of the Crusades Trade: Merchants expanded trade to southeast Asia, benefiting all Europe. Society: Crusades provided opportunities for estate management and independent shop and inn operations. The Church: The Church's power in Europe declined with the failure of most Crusades. Politics: Power consolidation and centralized governments began due to declining Church power. Exploration: New knowledge of a world beyond Europe prompted trade with distant regions like China. 4. Talk about the black death ? In the 13th century, the mongol empire brgan the empire extended from Russia in the west to china in the east trade increased with the expansion of this empire through the silk road 12  As result of increased trade, rat infected with the black death moved from china the black death from Asia to Europe millions of people died,and there was a huge increased in fabrics and labores’ wages and surplus clothes johann Gutenberg invented the first printing press 5. Talk about the great chain of being ? "The Great Chain of Being" Concept Derived from Plato's Historia Animalium. Proposes an ordered, hierarchical universe with humans placed in specific ranks. Top-ranking creatures are closer to God. Fear of disorder is highest. Chain is not a ladder; it's God's plan. Attacking, disobeying, rebelling, or trying to rise to another rank is a grave sin. Paternalism and Deference in Mitigating Inequality Paternalism in Europe Lower Orders' Attitudes Believed in upper-class responsibility to care for Displaying deference: allegiance, obedience, lower-class. respect. Incorporated in proclamations and laws. Respecting top orders. 6. The European Naval drove its technologies from various civization,discuss? ShipDesign from Arab Ancient Chinese explosives European manufacturing huge church bells 13