The Respiratory System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the alveoli in the respiratory system?

  • To warm and humidify the air we breathe
  • To produce sound for speech
  • To facilitate the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (correct)
  • To filter out dust and bacteria from the air

    • Which of the following muscles is responsible for separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity?

  • Intercostal muscles
  • Bronchi muscles
  • Laryngeal muscles
  • Diaphragm (correct)

    • What is the process by which oxygen diffuses from the air we breathe into the blood?

  • Passive transport
  • Osmosis
  • Active transport
  • Diffusion (correct)

    • Which part of the brain plays a role in consciously controlling breathing?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the bronchi in the respiratory system?

    <p>To branch off from the trachea and lead to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the pharynx in the respiratory system?

    <p>To allow air to pass through</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the intercostal muscles in breathing?

    <p>To expand and contract the chest cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the larynx in the respiratory system?

    <p>To produce sound for speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nasal conchae?

    <p>To increase surface area for warming and humidifying air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>To contain receptors for the sense of smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cricoid cartilage?

    <p>To support the larynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the thyroid cartilage?

    <p>To form the Adam's apple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the true vocal cords?

    <p>To produce sound vibrations as air passes through</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the trachea?

    <p>To conduct air to the bronchi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the C rings in the trachea?

    <p>To allow the trachea to expand and contract during breathing and swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the uvula?

    <p>To prevent food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the epiglottis?

    <p>To cover the glottis during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the right lung?

    <p>To have three lobes (superior, middle, and inferior)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for reducing surface tension in the alveoli?

    <p>Type II Pneumocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the maximum amount of air exhaled after a maximal inhalation?

    <p>Vital Capacity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of carbon dioxide transport?

    <p>Attached to red blood cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal respiratory rate for an adult?

    <p>12-20 breaths per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the movement of air into and out of the lungs?

    <p>Ventilation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the absence of breathing?

    <p>Apnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the most important chemical regulator of respiration?

    <p>Carbon dioxide (CO₂)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the instrument used to measure respiratory volumes?

    <p>Spirometer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating breathing?

    <p>Medulla oblongata and pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the visceral pleura?

    <p>Covers the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following respiratory volumes is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation?

    <p>Residual Volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rate of breathing in a normal adult?

    <p>12-20 breaths per minute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is responsible for separating the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the absence of breathing?

    <p>Apnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of quiet exhalation?

    <p>Passive process; diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of carbon dioxide transport?

    <p>As oxygen bound to hemoglobin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the parietal pleura?

    <p>Lines the thoracic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is responsible for quiet inhalation?

    <p>Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the respiratory center in the brain?

    <p>Medulla oblongata and pons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nasal cavity?

    <p>To warm, moisten, and filter incoming air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the larynx and trachea to the esophagus?

    <p>Laryngopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the C-shaped cartilage rings in the trachea?

    <p>To prevent collapse of the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the respiratory system consists of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx?

    <p>Upper Respiratory Tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct pathway of air during inspiration?

    <p>Nose/Mouth → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Primary Bronchi → Secondary Bronchi → Tertiary Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the olfactory epithelium?

    <p>To contain receptors for the sense of smell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many lobes does the right lung have?

    <p>3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the bronchioles?

    <p>To control airflow resistance and distribution of air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the glottis?

    <p>To open and close the airway during breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the auditory tube?

    <p>To equalize pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>External Respiration = Gas exchange between the lungs and blood. Internal Respiration = Gas exchange between blood and body tissues. Ventilation = Movement of air into and out of the lungs. Respiratory Center = Location in the brainstem that regulates breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following respiratory volumes with their descriptions:

    <p>Tidal Volume = Volume of air moved in and out during a normal breath. Vital Capacity = Maximum amount of air exhaled after a maximal inhalation. Residual Volume = Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation. Inspiratory Reserve Volume = Maximum amount of air inhaled after a normal tidal volume.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their functions:

    <p>Diaphragm = Primary muscle of quiet inhalation. Intercostal Muscles = Accessory muscles of quiet inhalation. Parietal Pleura = Lines the thoracic cavity. Visceral Pleura = Covers the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Apnea = Absence of breathing. Dyspnea = Difficult or labored breathing. Eupnea = Normal, quiet breathing. Hyperpnea = Increased depth and rate of breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their functions:

    <p>Type I Pneumocytes = Thin cells for gas exchange in the alveoli. Type II Pneumocytes = Produce surfactant to reduce surface tension in the alveoli. Pleura = Reduces friction and allows smooth movement of the lungs during breathing. Spirometer = Instrument used to measure respiratory volumes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Medulla Oblongata = Location of the respiratory center in the brain. Pons = Part of the brain involved in regulating breathing. Hemoglobin = Protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen. Carbaminohemoglobin = Form of hemoglobin bound to carbon dioxide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their functions:

    <p>Surfactant = Prevents alveoli from collapsing by reducing surface tension. Oxygen = Bind to hemoglobin in red blood cells. Carbon Dioxide = Regulator of respiration. Diaphragm = Muscle of quiet inhalation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>Inhalation = Drawing air into the lungs. Exhalation = Expelling air from the lungs. Respiratory Rate = Number of breaths per minute. Left Lung = Has two lobes, including the cardiac notch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their functions:

    <p>Parietal Pleura = Lines the thoracic cavity. Visceral Pleura = Covers the lungs. Serous Membrane = Reduces friction and allows smooth movement of the lungs during breathing. Lung = Site of gas exchange in the respiratory system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures of the respiratory system with their functions:

    <p>Nasal Cavity = Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air. Auditory Tube (Eustachian Tube) = Equalizes pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx. Thyroid Cartilage = Forms the Adam's apple; protects the vocal cords. Cricoid Cartilage = Provides support to the larynx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the respiratory system with their descriptions:

    <p>Upper Respiratory Tract = Nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx. Lower Respiratory Tract = Larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs. Primary Bronchi = Branch from the trachea into the lungs; right and left primary bronchi. Bronchioles = Smaller branches of the bronchi; control airflow resistance and distribution of air.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following structures with their functions in the respiratory system:

    <p>True Vocal Cords/Folds = Produce sound by vibrating as air passes through. Trachea = Windpipe; conducts air to the bronchi; supported by C-shaped cartilage rings. C Rings = Prevent collapse of the trachea while allowing flexibility. Glottis = Opening between the vocal cords.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the respiratory system with their functions:

    <p>Oropharynx = Passageway for air and food; contains the palatine and lingual tonsils. Laryngopharynx = Passageway for air and food; connects to the esophagus and larynx. Epiglottis = Covers the glottis during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway. Uvula = Prevents food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the respiratory system with their locations:

    <p>Alveoli = Site of gas exchange in the lungs. Nasopharynx = Air passageway; houses the pharyngeal tonsils. Olfactory Epithelium = Contains receptors for the sense of smell in the nasal cavity. Nasal Conchae = Increase surface area for warming and humidifying air in the nasal cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the respiratory system with their functions:

    <p>Bronchi = Branch into smaller bronchioles; control airflow resistance and distribution of air. Bronchioles = Smaller branches of the bronchi; control airflow resistance and distribution of air. Larynx = Produces sound through the vocal cords. Trachea = Conducts air to the bronchi; supported by C-shaped cartilage rings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the respiratory system with their features:

    <p>Right Lung = Has 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior). Cricoid Cartilage = Provides support to the larynx. Thyroid Cartilage = Forms the Adam's apple; protects the vocal cords. Trachea = Has C-shaped cartilage rings preventing collapse during breathing and swallowing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the respiratory system with their functions:

    <p>Nasopharynx = Air passageway; houses the pharyngeal tonsils. Oropharynx = Passageway for air and food; contains the palatine and lingual tonsils. Laryngopharynx = Passageway for air and food; connects to the esophagus and larynx. Auditory Tube (Eustachian Tube) = Equalizes pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the respiratory system with their functions:

    <p>Nasal Cavity = Warms, moistens, and filters incoming air. Nasal Conchae = Increase surface area for warming and humidifying air. Olfactory Epithelium = Contains receptors for the sense of smell. Pharynx = Passageway for air and food; divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components of the respiratory system with their descriptions:

    <p>C Rings = Prevent collapse of the trachea while allowing flexibility during breathing and swallowing. Epiglottis = Covers the glottis during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway. Glottis = Opening between the vocal cords. Uvula = Prevents food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Respiratory System

    Functions:

    • Bring oxygen into the body
    • Remove carbon dioxide from the body
    • Regulate pH levels by removing excess hydrogen ions

    Organs:

    • Nose and mouth: air enters the body
    • Pharynx: air passes through
    • Larynx: contains vocal cords, air passes through
    • Trachea: air tube that leads to lungs
    • Bronchi: air tubes that branch off from trachea
    • Bronchioles: smaller air tubes that branch off from bronchi
    • Alveoli: tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs
    • Lungs: organs that contain alveoli
    • Diaphragm: muscle that separates chest cavity from abdominal cavity
    • Intercostal muscles: muscles between ribs that aid in breathing

    Mechanism of Breathing:

    1. Inhalation:
      • Diaphragm contracts and flattens
      • Intercostal muscles contract and ribs move outward
      • Air enters through nose or mouth, passes through pharynx and larynx
      • Air enters trachea and bronchi, and then bronchioles
      • Air reaches alveoli and oxygen diffuses into blood
    2. Exhalation:
      • Diaphragm relaxes and rises
      • Intercostal muscles relax and ribs move inward
      • Air is pushed out of alveoli and into bronchioles
      • Air passes through bronchi, trachea, pharynx, and larynx
      • Air exits through nose or mouth

    Gas Exchange:

    • Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into blood
    • Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood into alveoli
    • Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells
    • Carbon dioxide is transported to lungs and exhaled out of body

    Control of Breathing:

    • Brainstem: regulates automatic breathing
    • Pons: helps regulate breathing rate
    • Medulla oblongata: helps regulate breathing rate
    • Cerebral cortex: can consciously control breathing
    • Feedback mechanisms: sensors in body monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, sending signals to brain to adjust breathing rate

    Respiratory System

    • The respiratory system's main functions are to bring oxygen into the body, remove carbon dioxide, and regulate pH levels by removing excess hydrogen ions

    Organs

    • Air enters the body through the nose and mouth
    • The pharynx is the passage air goes through after entering the nose or mouth
    • The larynx contains vocal cords and air passes through it
    • The trachea is the air tube that leads to the lungs
    • Bronchi are air tubes that branch off from the trachea
    • Bronchioles are smaller air tubes that branch off from bronchi
    • Alveoli are tiny air sacs where gas exchange occurs
    • Lungs are organs that contain alveoli
    • The diaphragm is the muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity
    • Intercostal muscles are the muscles between the ribs that aid in breathing

    Mechanism of Breathing

    • During inhalation, the diaphragm contracts and flattens, and the intercostal muscles contract and the ribs move outward
    • During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes and rises, and the intercostal muscles relax and the ribs move inward
    • Air enters through the nose or mouth, passes through the pharynx and larynx, and then enters the trachea and bronchi
    • Air then enters the bronchioles and reaches the alveoli where oxygen diffuses into the blood
    • During exhalation, air is pushed out of the alveoli and into the bronchioles, and then passes through the bronchi, trachea, pharynx, and larynx before exiting through the nose or mouth

    Gas Exchange

    • Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood
    • Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli
    • Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells
    • Carbon dioxide is transported to the lungs and exhaled out of the body

    Control of Breathing

    • The brainstem regulates automatic breathing
    • The pons helps regulate breathing rate
    • The medulla oblongata helps regulate breathing rate
    • The cerebral cortex can consciously control breathing
    • Feedback mechanisms involving sensors in the body monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide levels, sending signals to the brain to adjust breathing rate

    Organs and Functions of the Respiratory System

    • Nasal cavity warms, moistens, and filters incoming air
    • Nasal conchae increase surface area for warming and humidifying air
    • Auditory tube (Eustachian tube) equalizes pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx
    • Olfactory epithelium contains receptors for the sense of smell
    • Nasopharynx serves as an air passageway and houses pharyngeal tonsils
    • Oropharynx is a passageway for air and food, containing palatine and lingual tonsils
    • Laryngopharynx is a passageway for air and food, connecting to the esophagus and larynx
    • Primary bronchi branch from the trachea into the lungs (right and left primary bronchi)
    • Bronchioles are smaller branches of the bronchi, controlling airflow resistance and air distribution
    • Thyroid cartilage forms the Adam's apple, protecting the vocal cords
    • Cricoid cartilage provides support to the larynx
    • True vocal cords/folds produce sound by vibrating as air passes through
    • Trachea (windpipe) conducts air to the bronchi, supported by C-shaped cartilage rings
    • C rings prevent tracheal collapse while allowing flexibility
    • Uvula prevents food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing
    • Epiglottis covers the glottis during swallowing, preventing food from entering the airway
    • Glottis is the opening between the vocal cords

    Gas Exchange

    • Takes place in the alveoli of the lungs

    C Rings in Trachea

    • The open posterior part allows the trachea to expand and contract during breathing and swallowing without collapsing

    Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts

    • Upper Respiratory Tract: nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx
    • Lower Respiratory Tract: larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

    Order of Respiratory Structures During Inspiration

    • Pathway: nose/mouth → pharynx → larynx → trachea → primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

    Lung Lobes and Cardiac Notch

    • Right Lung: 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
    • Left Lung: 2 lobes (superior, inferior), containing the cardiac notch

    Serous Membrane of the Lung

    • Name: Pleura
    • Layers:
      • Parietal Pleura: lines the thoracic cavity
      • Visceral Pleura: covers the lungs
    • Function: reduces friction and allows smooth movement of the lungs during breathing

    Function of Cells in Alveoli

    • Type I Pneumocytes: thin cells for gas exchange
    • Type II Pneumocytes: produce surfactant to reduce surface tension

    Importance of Surfactant

    • Prevents alveoli from collapsing by reducing surface tension

    Definitions

    • External Respiration: gas exchange between the lungs and blood
    • Internal Respiration: gas exchange between blood and body tissues
    • Ventilation: movement of air into and out of the lungs
    • Inhalation: drawing air into the lungs
    • Exhalation: expelling air from the lungs

    Respiratory Volumes

    • Tidal Volume: volume of air moved in and out during a normal breath
    • Vital Capacity: maximum amount of air exhaled after a maximal inhalation
    • Residual Volume: amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

    Instrument for Measuring Respiratory Volumes

    • Name: Spirometer

    Oxygen Transport

    • Mechanism: oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells and is transported to tissues

    Carbon Dioxide Transport

    • Mechanisms:
      • Dissolved in plasma
      • Bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
      • As bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) in plasma

    Normal Adult Respiratory Rate

    • Rate: 12-20 breaths per minute

    Most Important Chemical Regulator of Respiration

    • Regulator: carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels

    Muscles of Quiet Inhalation

    • Muscles: diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
    • Mechanism: diaphragm contracts (flattens) and external intercostals lift the ribcage, reducing pressure in the thoracic cavity and allowing air to flow in

    Normal Quiet Exhalation

    • Mechanism: passive process; diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, increasing thoracic pressure and forcing air out

    Respiratory Center in the Brain

    • Location: medulla oblongata and pons

    Definitions

    • Apnea: absence of breathing
    • Dyspnea: difficult or labored breathing
    • Eupnea: normal, quiet breathing
    • Hyperpnea: increased depth and rate of breathing

    Organs and Functions of the Respiratory System

    • Nasal cavity warms, moistens, and filters incoming air
    • Nasal conchae increase surface area for warming and humidifying air
    • Auditory tube (Eustachian tube) equalizes pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx
    • Olfactory epithelium contains receptors for the sense of smell
    • Nasopharynx serves as an air passageway and houses pharyngeal tonsils
    • Oropharynx is a passageway for air and food, containing palatine and lingual tonsils
    • Laryngopharynx is a passageway for air and food, connecting to the esophagus and larynx
    • Primary bronchi branch from the trachea into the lungs (right and left primary bronchi)
    • Bronchioles are smaller branches of the bronchi, controlling airflow resistance and air distribution
    • Thyroid cartilage forms the Adam's apple, protecting the vocal cords
    • Cricoid cartilage provides support to the larynx
    • True vocal cords/folds produce sound by vibrating as air passes through
    • Trachea (windpipe) conducts air to the bronchi, supported by C-shaped cartilage rings
    • C rings prevent tracheal collapse while allowing flexibility
    • Uvula prevents food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing
    • Epiglottis covers the glottis during swallowing, preventing food from entering the airway
    • Glottis is the opening between the vocal cords

    Gas Exchange

    • Takes place in the alveoli of the lungs

    C Rings in Trachea

    • The open posterior part allows the trachea to expand and contract during breathing and swallowing without collapsing

    Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts

    • Upper Respiratory Tract: nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx
    • Lower Respiratory Tract: larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs

    Order of Respiratory Structures During Inspiration

    • Pathway: nose/mouth → pharynx → larynx → trachea → primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

    Lung Lobes and Cardiac Notch

    • Right Lung: 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
    • Left Lung: 2 lobes (superior, inferior), containing the cardiac notch

    Serous Membrane of the Lung

    • Name: Pleura
    • Layers:
      • Parietal Pleura: lines the thoracic cavity
      • Visceral Pleura: covers the lungs
    • Function: reduces friction and allows smooth movement of the lungs during breathing

    Function of Cells in Alveoli

    • Type I Pneumocytes: thin cells for gas exchange
    • Type II Pneumocytes: produce surfactant to reduce surface tension

    Importance of Surfactant

    • Prevents alveoli from collapsing by reducing surface tension

    Definitions

    • External Respiration: gas exchange between the lungs and blood
    • Internal Respiration: gas exchange between blood and body tissues
    • Ventilation: movement of air into and out of the lungs
    • Inhalation: drawing air into the lungs
    • Exhalation: expelling air from the lungs

    Respiratory Volumes

    • Tidal Volume: volume of air moved in and out during a normal breath
    • Vital Capacity: maximum amount of air exhaled after a maximal inhalation
    • Residual Volume: amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

    Instrument for Measuring Respiratory Volumes

    • Name: Spirometer

    Oxygen Transport

    • Mechanism: oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells and is transported to tissues

    Carbon Dioxide Transport

    • Mechanisms:
      • Dissolved in plasma
      • Bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
      • As bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) in plasma

    Normal Adult Respiratory Rate

    • Rate: 12-20 breaths per minute

    Most Important Chemical Regulator of Respiration

    • Regulator: carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels

    Muscles of Quiet Inhalation

    • Muscles: diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
    • Mechanism: diaphragm contracts (flattens) and external intercostals lift the ribcage, reducing pressure in the thoracic cavity and allowing air to flow in

    Normal Quiet Exhalation

    • Mechanism: passive process; diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, increasing thoracic pressure and forcing air out

    Respiratory Center in the Brain

    • Location: medulla oblongata and pons

    Definitions

    • Apnea: absence of breathing
    • Dyspnea: difficult or labored breathing
    • Eupnea: normal, quiet breathing
    • Hyperpnea: increased depth and rate of breathing

    Organs and Functions of the Respiratory System

    • Nasal cavity warms, moistens, and filters incoming air
    • Nasal conchae increase surface area for warming and humidifying air
    • Auditory tube (Eustachian tube) equalizes pressure between the middle ear and nasopharynx
    • Olfactory epithelium contains receptors for the sense of smell
    • Nasopharynx is an air passageway and houses the pharyngeal tonsils
    • Oropharynx is a passageway for air and food, and contains the palatine and lingual tonsils
    • Laryngopharynx is a passageway for air and food, and connects to the esophagus and larynx
    • Primary bronchi branch from the trachea into the lungs, with right and left primary bronchi
    • Bronchioles are smaller branches of the bronchi, controlling airflow resistance and distribution of air
    • Thyroid cartilage forms the Adam's apple and protects the vocal cords
    • Cricoid cartilage provides support to the larynx
    • True vocal cords/folds produce sound by vibrating as air passes through
    • Trachea is the windpipe, conducting air to the bronchi, and is supported by C-shaped cartilage rings
    • C rings prevent collapse of the trachea while allowing flexibility
    • Uvula prevents food from entering the nasal cavity during swallowing
    • Epiglottis covers the glottis during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway
    • Glottis is the opening between the vocal cords

    Gas Exchange

    • Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs

    C Rings in Trachea

    • The open posterior part of the C rings allows the trachea to expand and contract during breathing and swallowing without collapsing

    Upper and Lower Respiratory Tracts

    • Upper respiratory tract includes the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx
    • Lower respiratory tract includes the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs

    Order of Respiratory Structures During Inspiration

    • Pathway: nose/mouth → pharynx → larynx → trachea → primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli

    Lung Lobes and Cardiac Notch

    • Right lung has 3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)
    • Left lung has 2 lobes (superior, inferior) and contains the cardiac notch

    Serous Membrane of the Lung

    • The pleura consists of two layers: parietal pleura lining the thoracic cavity, and visceral pleura covering the lungs
    • Function: reduces friction and allows smooth movement of the lungs during breathing

    Functions of Cells in Alveoli

    • Type I pneumocytes are thin cells for gas exchange
    • Type II pneumocytes produce surfactant to reduce surface tension

    Importance of Surfactant

    • Prevents alveoli from collapsing by reducing surface tension

    Definitions

    • External respiration: gas exchange between the lungs and blood
    • Internal respiration: gas exchange between blood and body tissues
    • Ventilation: movement of air into and out of the lungs
    • Inhalation: drawing air into the lungs
    • Exhalation: expelling air from the lungs

    Respiratory Volumes

    • Tidal volume: volume of air moved in and out during a normal breath
    • Vital capacity: maximum amount of air exhaled after a maximal inhalation
    • Residual volume: amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

    Instrument for Measuring Respiratory Volumes

    • Spirometer

    Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Transport

    • Oxygen binds to hemoglobin in red blood cells and is transported to tissues
    • Carbon dioxide is transported through:
      • Dissolved in plasma
      • Bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin
      • As bicarbonate ions (HCO₃⁻) in plasma

    Normal Adult Respiratory Rate

    • 12-20 breaths per minute

    Most Important Chemical Regulator of Respiration

    • Carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels

    Muscles of Quiet Inhalation

    • Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles
    • Mechanism: diaphragm contracts (flattens) and external intercostals lift the ribcage, reducing pressure in the thoracic cavity and allowing air to flow in

    Normal Quiet Exhalation

    • Mechanism: passive process; diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, increasing thoracic pressure and forcing air out

    Respiratory Center in the Brain

    • Located in the medulla oblongata and pons

    Additional Definitions

    • Apnea: absence of breathing
    • Dyspnea: difficult or labored breathing
    • Eupnea: normal, quiet breathing
    • Hyperpnea: increased depth and rate of breathing

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    Learn about the functions and organs of the respiratory system, including bringing oxygen into the body, removing carbon dioxide, and regulating pH levels.

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