The Propaganda Movement in the Philippines

Study Notes

La Solidaridad: A newspaper established in Barcelona, Spain, by Filipino reformers to advocate for assimilation into Spain. It served as a platform for expressing their goals and highlighting issues facing the Philippines.
Graciano Lopez Jaena: The first editor of La Solidaridad, a prominent writer and orator who denounced Spanish colonial rule in his works.
Marcelo H. del Pilar: A lawyer and journalist who took over as editor of La Solidaridad. Known for his satirical writings, he challenged the authority of the clergy and called for reforms.
Jose Rizal: A renowned physician, novelist, and national hero. He used his pen name, Dimasalang and Laong Laan, to write critical works like Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, which exposed the injustices of Spanish colonialism.
Felix Resurrection Hidalgo: A painter known for his works depicting the abuses of the Spanish clergy, such as "The Christian Virgins Exposed to the Rabble," which condemned the mistreatment of Filipinos by the friars.
Juan Luna: A painter whose masterpiece, "Spoliarium," won a gold medal at the Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes in Madrid. This painting represents the brutality of war and the struggle of the Filipinos under Spanish rule.

K.K.K. (Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangang, Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan): A secret revolutionary society founded by former members of La Liga Filipina, aiming for the liberation of the Philippines.
Emilio Jacinto: Known as the "Brains of the Katipunan," he wrote the organization's constitution and contributed significantly to its ideology.
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista: Author of the "Acta dela Proclamacion de Independencia del Pueblo Filipino," the official document proclaiming Philippine independence.
Emilio Aguinaldo: A key figure in the Philippine Revolution. He led the fight against Spanish colonial rule and declared Philippine independence on June 12, 1898, at Cavite el Viejo (now Kawit).
Philippine Independence: Proclaimed on June 12, 1898, at Cavite el Viejo. This marked the beginning of the First Philippine Republic.

3 Stars: Represent the major islands of Luzon, Panay, and Mindanao, symbolizing unity and the strength of the Filipino people.
White Triangle: Symbolizes equality, liberty, and fraternity, reflecting the ideals of the revolution.

Cuban Revolution: The Spanish-American War was sparked by Spain's efforts to suppress the Cuban revolution, which started in 1895.
U.S. Intervention: The war was fought for the liberation of Cuba. The Americans intervened in the war against Spain, resulting in Spain's defeat and the ceding of the Philippines, Cuba, and Guam to the U.S.
Philippine-American War: Following the Spanish-American War, the Philippines faced a new challenge: fighting for its independence from the U.S. This conflict resulted in a bloody and prolonged struggle for freedom.

First Liberal Constitution in Spain: Adopted in 1812 by the Spanish Cortes in Cadiz. This constitution sought to challenge the absolute monarchy and establish a more liberal form of government, ultimately influencing the ideals of the Filipino reformers.
Resistance to Napoleon's Invasion: The Cadiz Constitution was drafted in response to Napoleon Bonaparte's invasion of Spain. It aimed to unify the nation against foreign rule and establish a more democratic system.

Loss of American Colonies: Spain experienced a decline in power during the 19th century, losing its American colonies to the United States through the American Revolution and the subsequent formation of the United States of America.
Tension between Liberalism and Conservatism: This tension characterized the political landscape during the 19th century. Liberal ideas emphasizing individual rights and democratic principles clashed with traditional conservative views that supported monarchy and the established order.
Monarchy vs Republic: The debate between these opposing political ideologies was evident in Spain during this period. The rise of liberalism fueled movements advocating for a republican form of government, challenging the authority of the monarchy.
1873: First Spanish Republic: A brief attempt to establish a republic in Spain, but it proved short-lived. The monarchy was restored in 1874, reflecting the deep-rooted power struggles between conservatives and liberals.