The Progressive Movement: Reforms and Leaders

• The Progressive movement's success is evaluated by exploring motivations and beneficiaries of reforms

Historical Context

• The progressive movement occurred during rapid industrialization and urbanization from the late 1800s to the early 1920s.
• Monopolies, labor strikes, and the suffrage movement were key events leading to the progressive movement.
• The movement included a coalition of women, African Americans, and labor leaders.
• The NAACP was established in 1909.
• The Nineteenth Amendment was passed in 1920.

Influential Leaders

• Theodore Roosevelt advocated for the Square Deal, focusing on consumer protection, conservation, and regulating corporations.
• W.E.B. Du Bois co-founded the NAACP and fought against racial discrimination and for civil rights for African Americans.
• Ida B. Wells was a journalist and activist who campaigned against lynching and for women's rights.

Major Legislative Reforms

• The Nineteenth Amendment (1920) granted women the right to vote.
• The Eighteenth Amendment (1919) prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcoholic beverages.
• The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) and the Meat Inspection Act (1906) were pivotal in ensuring consumer protection.

Women in Reform

• Women advocated for suffrage, labor rights, and social reforms.
• The National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) mobilized support for women's voting rights.
• The 1912 suffrage parade in New York City highlighted women's activism and the push for equal rights.

African American Activism

• African Americans faced Jim Crow laws and voting restrictions, spurring activism.
• W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington had differing strategies for achieving civil rights and social justice.
• The NAACP focused on legal challenges to segregation and discrimination, aiming to secure voting rights and equal treatment.

Business Regulation

• The progressive movement sought to regulate monopolies and large corporations to protect consumers and small businesses.
• The Sherman Antitrust Act was used to break up monopolies and promote competition.
• Roosevelt's administration regulated railroads and curbed corporate excesses.

Education and Labor Reforms

• Public education reforms aimed to increase literacy rates and promote access to education for all children.
• Labor reforms advocated for better working conditions, child labor laws, and the establishment of an eight-hour workday.
• The rise of labor unions fought for workers' rights and protections.

Historical Context of Progressivism

• The late 19th century's changes in America led to the rise of the progressive movement.
• Industrialization resulted in poor working conditions, especially for women and children, prompting calls for reform.
• The progressive movement addressed labor rights, government corruption, and social injustices.
• Florence Kelley and Robert M. La Follette advocated for reforms in labor laws and government practices.
• The movement included middle-class reformers, labor unions, and social activists.

Key Goals of Progressivism

• Protecting social welfare: Efforts were made to improve living conditions and provide support for the underprivileged.
• Promoting moral improvement: The temperance movement sought to curb alcohol consumption, leading to prohibition.
• Creating economic reform: Progressives aimed to address inequalities created by industrial capitalism, advocating for regulations on businesses and labor rights.
• Fostering efficiency: The movement emphasized scientific management in both industry and government to eliminate waste and corruption.

Notable Figures and Their Contributions

• Florence Kelley advocated for labor rights and worked to improve conditions for women and children in factories.
• Lewis Hine documented child labor conditions, raising public awareness and prompting legislative changes.
• Henry Ford introduced assembly line production, revolutionizing manufacturing and labor practices.
• Robert M. La Follette pushed for reforms in state government, including direct primaries and regulatory measures against corporations.

The Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment

• Ratified in 1920, the Nineteenth Amendment granted women the right to vote.
• The amendment was the culmination of decades of activism, including protests, lobbying, and civil disobedience.
• Key organizations, NAWSA and NWP advocated for women's voting rights.
• The amendment was passed in the context of World War I, where women's contributions to the war effort helped shift public opinion.

Impact of the Nineteenth Amendment

• The amendment enfranchised millions of women, changing the political landscape.
• Women's participation in politics increased, leading to the election of female candidates and the establishment of women's issues on the political agenda.
• The Nineteenth Amendment did not guarantee equal rights for all women, as many women of color continued to face barriers to voting.
• The amendment inspired further movements for gender equality and civil rights.

Major Progressive Reforms

• Labor reforms: Initiatives improved working conditions.
• Government reforms: Efforts aimed to make government more accountable and responsive.
• Social reforms: Movements addressed social issues.
• Economic reforms: Regulations on monopolies and trusts.

The Role of Muckrakers

• Muckrakers exposed corruption and social injustices, playing a vital role in the progressive movement.
• Upton Sinclair's 'The Jungle' highlighted the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry, leading to food safety reforms.
• Their work raised public awareness and mobilized support for various reforms.

Eugene V. Debs

• Debs was a union organizer and a key figure in the Pullman Strike of 1894.
• He was jailed for violating an injunction under the Sherman Antitrust Act.
• Debs was a founding member of the Socialist Party of America, advocating for workers' rights and social reforms.
• He ran for president five times and criticized the capitalist system.
• Debs' legacy includes his role in shaping labor rights and socialist movements in the United States.

Florence Kelley

• Kelley was a social reformer who became a leading advocate for improving conditions for women and children in the workforce.
• She was instrumental in the passage of the Illinois Factory Act of 1893.
• As general secretary of the National Consumers’ League, Kelley lobbied for better factory conditions and campaigned for a federal child labor law.
• Her investigations into slum conditions and sweatshops highlighted the dire circumstances faced by the urban poor.
• Kelley’s work emphasized social justice and the protection of vulnerable populations, influencing future reform movements.
• She was a resident at Hull House, where she engaged in community service and reform activities.

Louis D. Brandeis: The People's Attorney

• Brandeis became a lawyer and advocate for social justice.
• He argued for maximum work hours and minimum wages.
• His book, 'Other People’s Money,' critiqued the power of investment bankers over American industry.

James S. Hogg: Progressive Governance in Texas

• Hogg served as the governor of Texas in the 1890s.
• Hogg worked to regulate railroads and protect consumers.
• His administration focused on reforming monopolistic practices.

Protecting Social Welfare

• The Social Gospel movement and settlement house initiatives aimed to alleviate poverty.
• Organizations like the YMCA provided educational resources, recreational facilities, and community engagement.
• The Salvation Army provide food and shelter to the poor.
• Florence Kelley’s advocacy for women and children led to legislative changes, including the Illinois Factory Act.
• The settlement house movement inspired many women to take active roles in social reform.
• These movements emphasized community and social responsibility, which laid the ground work for the Progressive Era.

Promoting Moral Improvement

• Moral reformers believed that personal behavior changes were essential for uplifting the poor, leading to the temperance movement.
• The Woman’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) was founded in 1874, advocating for the prohibition of alcohol.
• Under the leadership of Frances Willard, the WCTU expanded its activities to include education, prison reform, and women's suffrage.
• The Anti-Saloon League emerged in 1895, focusing on legislative measures to enforce prohibition.
• By 1917, nearly half of the states had enacted laws prohibiting alcohol.

Economic Reform

• The economic panic of 1893 prompted many to question capitalism, leading to increased support for socialism.
• Eugene V. Debs was a key figure in the American Socialist Party, advocating for a more equitable economic system.
• The rise of socialism during this period reflected broader discontent with economic inequality and labor exploitation.

The Role of Muckrakers

• Muckrakers were investigative journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices in early 20th-century America.
• Ida M. Tarbell’s exposé on Standard Oil revealed the unethical practices of John D. Rockefeller.
• Muckrakers highlighted dangerous working conditions, child labor, and the exploitation of workers, raising awareness and prompting reforms.
• Muckraking journalism contributed to the broader reform agenda of the Progressive Era, advocating for transparency and accountability.

Key Figures in Muckraking

• Ida M. Tarbell investigated the Standard Oil Company.
• Lincoln Steffens exposed corruption in business and government through his works, including The Shame of the Cities and The Struggle for Self-Government.

Impact of Muckraking

• Muckrakers raised public awareness about corruption and social injustices, leading to significant reforms.
• Muckrakers utilized detailed narratives and factual evidence to enhance the credibility of their claims.
• The revelations by muckrakers led to increased public demand for government regulation and reform.

Investigative Journalism

• Muckrakers employed thorough research and firsthand accounts to expose societal issues, such as child labor and unsafe working conditions.
• Tarbell's exposé on Standard Oil illustrated the monopolistic practices that stifled competition.
• Steffens' work revealed the extent of corruption in urban politics.
• The muckraking movement contributed to a cultural shift towards accountability in business and government.
• The techniques and principles established by muckrakers continue to influence investigative journalism today.

Principles of Scientific Management

• Frederick Winslow Taylor introduced the concept of scientific management, focusing on efficiency through time and motion studies.
• Taylorism aimed to improve productivity by breaking down tasks into simpler, more manageable parts.
• Lawyer Louis D. Brandeis utilized data from social scientists to argue for labor laws.
• While scientific management improved efficiency, it often led to worker fatigue and high turnover rates.
• Henry Ford's introduction of the assembly line revolutionized automobile manufacturing.

Case Studies in Efficiency

• The mass production of the Model T exemplified assembly line techniques, reducing production costs and time.
• Workers faced grueling conditions, which led to exhaustion and injuries.
• Ford reduced the workday to eight hours and paid a competitive wage to attract and retain workers.
• Ford's practices garnered both praise for innovation and criticism for the harsh realities faced by workers on the assembly line.

The Role of Government in Reform

• Natural disasters and social issues prompted movements to clean up local governments, addressing corruption and inefficiency.
• Progressive mayors implemented reforms to reduce the influence of political bosses and improve city governance.
• The prevalence of political machines in cities led to widespread corruption.
• Increased public awareness and activism pushed for reforms that aimed to restore integrity in local governance.
• The reforms initiated during the Progressive Era laid the groundwork for future governmental accountability and transparency initiatives.

Social Problems in Industrial Cities

• Industrial cities encountered corruption and inefficiency in local governments.
• Political bosses exploited power, rewarding supporters with jobs.
• Reform movements desired more efficient governance in response to the growing distrust of immigrant political participation.

The Council-Manager System

• The council-manager form of government was adopted by the city of Dayton, emphasizing efficiency and accountability.
• A city manager was appointed to run the city, reducing corruption risks.
• This system allowed for a more business-like approach to city management.
• By 1925, nearly 250 cities adopted the council-manager system.

The Galveston Model

• The 1900 hurricane and tidal wave disaster in Galveston, Texas, prompted governmental reform.
• A five-member commission of experts was appointed to manage the city's recovery, leading to effective rebuilding efforts.
• The success of this commission model inspired over 500 cities to adopt similar governance structures by 1917.

The Miami Conservancy District

• The Miami Conservancy District was a pioneering flood control project initiated in Dayton, Ohio.
• Highlighted the proactive measures in urban governance to prevent disasters.

Progressive Mayors

• Mayors like Hazen Pingree of Detroit and Tom Johnson of Cleveland implemented reforms without altering city government structures.
• Pingree focused on economic reforms, including fair taxation and public transportation fare reductions.
• Johnson advocated for public ownership of utilities and encouraged citizen engagement in governance.

Citizen Engagement in Governance

• Johnson held public meetings to foster dialogue between citizens and officials, enhancing transparency.
• This engagement model encouraged active participation from citizens in local governance.
• The reforms led to a more informed and involved citizenry, which was crucial for the success of progressive initiatives.

The Role of Progressive Governors

• Progressive governors like Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin spearheaded reforms that regulated big businesses.
• La Follette collaborated with university experts to draft legislation and provide guidance.
• His administration ensured that government was accountable to voters rather than corporate interests.

Protecting Child Workers

• The rise of child labor during the industrial era prompted efforts to protect working children.
• The National Child Labor Committee was formed in 1904 to investigate and expose harsh working conditions for children.
• The Keating-Owen Act of 1916 aimed to prohibit interstate commerce of goods produced by child labor.
• Progressive reforms led to the establishment of compulsory school attendance laws.

The Role of Muckrakers and Reformers

• Muckrakers played a crucial role in raising awareness about child labor, leading to public outcry and legislative changes.
• By 1900, laws mandated school attendance in over half of the states.

Legislative Changes and Compulsory Education

• By 1918, all states had enacted compulsory school attendance laws.
• The shift to compulsory education was part of a broader Progressive movement aimed at improving societal conditions and protecting children.

Lewis Hine and Child Labor Documentation

• Lewis Hine transitioned from teaching to documenting child labor through photography.
• His photographs depicted the harsh realities of child labor, which helped galvanize support for reform.
• Hine's tactics for gaining access to child labor sites included blending in with workers and using hidden note-taking methods.

Analyzing Hine's Photographic Impact

• Hine's images were striking due to their candid nature.
• His work played a pivotal role in raising awareness and ultimately led to the establishment of child labor laws.

Efforts to Reform Elections

• William S. U’Ren advocated for electoral reforms such as the secret ballot, initiative, referendum, and recall in Oregon.
• These reforms aimed to reduce corruption and increase voter participation.

The Seventeenth Amendment and Direct Election of Senators

• The push for the direct election of senators was a response to the corruption of party bosses in state legislatures.
• The Seventeenth Amendment, ratified in 1913, established the direct election of senators.
• This amendment aimed to reduce the power of political machines and increase democratic participation.

Historical Context

• The Progressive Era (1890s-1920s) addressed the issues caused by industrialization and urbanization.
• Reform movements aimed to address problems such as corruption in government, social injustices, and economic inequality.
• Key events included ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913.

Key Amendments and Legislation

• The Seventeenth Amendment aimed to reduce the influence of political machines and increase public accountability in government.

Impact on Women and Social Reform

• Women's participation in public life increased, particularly in reform movements.
• Organizations like the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) and the Anti-Saloon League focused on moral reform and the prohibition movement.
• The era also highlighted the issue of woman suffrage, culminating in the eventual passage of the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920.

Economic Reform Organizations

• The American Socialist Party advocated for workers' rights and economic equality.
• Muckrakers exposed corruption and social injustices

Moral Reform Organizations

• The WCTU aimed to promote temperance and combat the negative effects of alcohol on society.
• The Anti-Saloon League pushed for prohibition laws across the United States.

Political Reform Organizations

• The National Child Labor Committee worked to end child labor and improve working conditions for children.
• Progressive political leaders championed reforms such as the direct primary and the initiative process.

Social Welfare Organizations

• The YMCA provided social services and community support.
• The Salvation Army focused on providing aid to the poor.

State-Level Reforms

• Illinois prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours.
• Wisconsin regulated big businesses and introduced direct democracy measures.

Key Figures in Reform

• William U'Ren was a key advocate for the initiative and referendum processes in Oregon.
• Florence Kelley served as chief inspector of factories in Illinois, advocating for labor reforms and women's rights.

Public Perception of Reformers

• Analyzing political cartoons reveals public sentiment towards prohibitionists and reformers.
• The portrayal of Carry Nation as a destructive figure suggests a mixed opinion of her methods among some segments of society.

The Role of Women in Reform Movements

• The prohibition movement appealed to many women as it aligned with their fight for suffrage and social reform.
• Women's involvement in these movements expanded their public roles and challenged traditional gender norms.

Challenges Faced by Reformers

• Reformers encountered resistance from political bosses and corporations that benefited from the status quo.
• The desire for more efficient government led to calls for reorganizing city governments and reducing corruption.

The Rise of Public Education

• Most states required school attendance for children under 14 by the late 19th century.
• William Torrey Harris advocated for public schools as a means to uplift all social classes.
• The establishment of compulsory attendance laws helped fill classrooms.
• Kindergartens grew from 200 in 1880 to 3,000 by 1900, demonstrating a shift in educational priorities.

Disparities in Educational Access

• In 1880, 62% of white children attended elementary school compared to only 34% of African American children.
• Lack of educational opportunities for African Americans persisted until the 1940s.
• Immigrant children were expected to assimilate into American society.
• Discrimination and segregation limited the educational experiences of African Americans and immigrants.

The Birth of Junior High Schools

• Educators believed that middle-grade students would benefit from a different educational setting, leading to the establishment of junior high schools.
• Junior high schools focused on both academic and social development.

The Growth of High Schools

• By the early 1900s, over half a million students were enrolled in high schools.
• The curriculum expanded to include science, civics, and social studies.

Booker T. Washington

• Washington advocated for vocational education as a means for African Americans to gain economic independence.
• His approach was rooted in the belief that economic success would lead to social acceptance and civil rights for African Americans.
• Washington's ideas were influential in shaping educational policies for African Americans in the early 20th century.

W.E.B. Du Bois

• Du Bois advocated for a liberal arts education for African Americans.
• He believed in the importance of civil rights and political activism.
• His work laid the foundation for the NAACP and the fight for civil rights in the 20th century.

The Role of Public Schools

• Public schools fostered in citizenship and social cohesion in a diverse.
• Public schools also prepared students for community life and not just employment.
• The push for educational reform included calls for more progressive teaching methods that encouraged critical thinking.

The Impact of Progressivism

• Progressivism in education sought to address social issues through reform, emphasizing the need for a more equitable educational system.
• The movement aimed to adapt education to meet the needs of a changing society, including the integration of immigrant populations.
• Reform included new teaching models and the formation of junior high schools..

Educational Trends and Innovations

• By 1895, laws mandated school attendance for children under 14.
• Document-based investigations encourage students to analyze historical sources, fostering critical thinking.
• Increased literacy included greater civic participation and the ability for individuals to engage in social and political discourse.

Racial Discrimination in Education

• Few African Americans attended high school in 1890.
• Private schools, received no government funding, creating disparities in educational quality and access.
• Mary McLeod Bethune's efforts were an example of the struggle for educational equity.

Education for Immigrants

• Immigrants were encouraged to attend school.
• Public schools served as a means of Americanization.

Technological Advancements in Learning

• The role of electronic whiteboards have enhanced teaching methods.
• Online learning platforms and MOOCs have expanded access to education.

Labor Activism and Education

• Ford Motor Company’s programs were seen as way for industrialists to instill loyalty among workers.
• Activists argued this aimed to undermine the trade union movement by promoting compliance over confrontation.

W.E.B. Du Bois and the African American Experience

• In his work, The Souls of Black Folk (1903), Du Bois articulated the concept of 'twoness' experienced by African Americans.
• His call for a liberal arts education for was direct challenge to the vocational training advocated by contemporaries like Booker T. Washington.
• The Niagara Movement led to the formation of Civil Rights organizations.
• Du Boise's writings emphasized the need for African Americans to embrace their cultural identity.

Growth of High School and College Enrollment

• Between 1880 and 1920 college enrollments quadrupled.
• The transition to research universities made way for new curriculums such as psychology, modern languages, sociology and physical sciences.
• Higher education also allowed for professional schools in Law and Medicine which catered to education demands.

Higher Education for African Americans

• Post-civil war institutions such as Atlanta, Howard, and Fisk Universities gave way for African Americans to get education.
• Financial resources for black graduates were inadequate at this time.
• Economic advancements were rooted in vocational training and the Tuskegee Institute which prepared people for these kind of skill sets.
• Washington's Institute was focused on practical education and not a liberal arts education.

Changes in Public Education

• The integration of younger children and Kindergartens contributed to children being in school.
• Discussions about education prompted schools to foster collaborative learning with new tools.

The views of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois

• They had contrasting views on African American education and can be seen as an ideological divide.
• The views came down to vocational training or pushing for a liberal arts education.
• Both educators recongized the effects of the legacy of these education and the continuation of racial discrimination.

Compulsory Education and Its Impact

• It was established that more people got basic skills from an increase in high school graduations, therefore college rates increased and better equipped the workforce.
• Black College rates increased to counteract discrimination.
• A result of no access to public education was slower adpatation for immigrant and economic growth stalled
• All institutions of higher education pushed the ideal that racial discrimination limited what African Americans could do

Key Figures in Education Reform

• Booker T. Washington was an advocate of vocational education and skill-based education for African Americans.
• On the other hand, W.E.B Du Bois championed liberal arts education for African Americans
• Niagara Movement aimed to fight for civil rights and higher education for African Americans, and was established by Du Bois

Educational Disparities

• In 1880, 62% of white children attended elementary school in comparison to 34% of African American Children.
• Systemic barriers due to education lead to ongoing poverty.
• Separate and unequal schools perpetuated racism with the Jim Crow Laws.

The Goals of Public Education

• Provide a basic education, literacy and civic responsibility.
• Goals evolved in what was taught and if they were inclusive.
• Without it, economic progression wouldn't be successful

The Nadir

• In the early 20th Century this period was about racial discrimination and segregation and violence against African Americans along with unfair voting restrictions.
• Key leaders in this movement were Ida B Wells and Du Bois
• Knowing this era is key to moving forward with modern civil unrest

Important Terms Related to Education and Civil Rights

• Terms such as Poll Tax, Grandfather Clause, Plessy V. Ferguson, Jim Crow Laws, Debt Peonage and leaders like Ida B. Wells are related to African American History
• It's also important to note that this oppression wasn't exclusive to just African Americans.

Southern states restricted African Americans to vote in different ways

• Grandfather test allowed bypass of literacy tests
• Jim Crow Laws enforced segregation
• These events showed the limitations and inequality that were being pushed onto African Americans and that the Federal Government needed to step in to change it

Case Examples of Racial Discrimination

• Plessey v. Ferguson stated that segregated schools were still legal and they created The Slaughterhouse Cases to allow the state to create monopolies
• All students made collaborative efforts to get their voices heard and learn from different perspectives

Overview of Jim Crow Laws

• Jim Crow came from blackface characters that pushed systemic racism and went into effect after the Reconstruction era.
• The ruling of Plessey v. Ferguson would make segregation legally binding
• Jim Crow not only affected schools but all facets of life and created the Civil Rights Act to combat it.

The long term effects of Jim Crow had influence through wealth and justice systems

• Through black lives matter and education system the Civil Rights movement has involved to highlight the need for a focus on these inequalities
• African Americans responded with grassroots movements as cultural expressions. They would form The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
• Movements such as the Freedom Rides, Selma March or Rosa Parks were pivotal in the ongoing changes