The Progressive Movement in the US

• The progressive movement aimed to address political, economic, and social changes of the late 19th century.
• Motivations behind the movement and who benefited from reforms are important supporting questions to consider.
• It sought to address business regulation, social justice, and political corruption.

Historical Context

• The progressive movement spanned from the late 1800s to the early 1920s, a period of rapid industrialization and urbanization.
• Key events leading to the movement include the rise of monopolies, labor strikes, and the suffrage movement.
• It involved women, African Americans, and labor leaders.
• The establishment of the NAACP in 1909 and the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920 represent major historical milestones.

Influential Leaders

• Theodore Roosevelt advocated for the Square Deal, focusing on consumer protection, conservation, and regulating corporations.
• W.E.B. Du Bois, co-founder of the NAACP, fought against racial discrimination and advocated for civil rights for African Americans.
• Ida B. Wells campaigned against lynching and for women's rights as a prominent journalist and activist.

Major Legislative Reforms

• The Nineteenth Amendment (1920) granted women the right to vote.
• The Eighteenth Amendment (1919) prohibited the manufacture and sale of alcohol.
• The Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) and the Meat Inspection Act (1906) ensured consumer protection.

Women in Reform

• Women advocated for suffrage, labor rights, and social reforms.
• NAWSA was instrumental in mobilizing support for women's voting rights.
• The 1912 suffrage parade in New York City showed women's activism and push for equal rights.

African American Activism

• African Americans faced Jim Crow laws and voting restrictions, spurring activism.
• W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington had differing strategies for achieving civil rights and social justice
• The NAACP focused on legal challenges to segregation and discrimination.

Business Regulation

• The progressive movement sought to regulate monopolies and large corporations to protect consumers and small businesses.
• The Sherman Antitrust Act was used break up monopolies and promote competition.
• Roosevelt's administration regulated railroads and curbed corporate excesses.

Education and Labor Reforms

• Public education reforms aimed to increase literacy rates and promote access to education for all children.
• Labor reforms included better working conditions, child labor laws, and the establishment of an eight-hour workday.
• The rise of labor unions was crucial in fighting for workers' rights and protections.

Historical Context of Progressivism

• The late 19th century was marked by political, economic, and social changes in America.
• Industrialization resulted in poor working conditions, especially for women and children.
• The progressive movement aimed to address labor rights, government corruption, and social injustices.
• Florence Kelley and Robert M. La Follette emerged as reform leaders.
• The movement was characterized by middle-class reformers, labor unions, and social activists.

Key Goals of Progressivism

• Efforts were made to improve living conditions and provide support for the underprivileged.
• The temperance movement sought to curb alcohol consumption, leading to prohibition in the 1920s.
• Progressives aimed to address the inequalities created by industrial capitalism.
• The movement emphasized scientific management in industry and government to eliminate waste.

Notable Figures and Their Contributions

• Florence Kelley advocated for labor rights and worked to improve conditions for women and children in factories.
• Lewis Hine's work documented child labor conditions, raising public awareness.
• Henry Ford introduced assembly line production, revolutionizing manufacturing.
• Robert M. La Follette pushed for reforms in state government.

The Passage of the Nineteenth Amendment

• Ratified in 1920, it granted women the right to vote.
• It was culmination of decades of activism, including protests, lobbying, and civil disobedience.
• Key organizations, such as NAWSA and NWP, played crucial roles in advocating for women's voting rights.
• The amendment was passed in the context of World War I, where women's contributions to the war effort helped shift public opinion.

Impact of the Nineteenth Amendment

• It enfranchised millions of women, changing the political landscape.
• Women's participation in politics increased.
• It didn't guarantee equal rights for all women, as many women of color continued to face barriers.
• It inspired further movements for gender equality and civil rights.

Major Progressive Reforms

• Initiatives aimed at improving working conditions, such as the establishment of an eight-hour workday and child labor laws.
• Efforts to make government more accountable, including the introduction of direct primaries and the recall election process.
• Movements aimed at addressing social issues, such as the temperance movement and the push for public health initiatives.
• Regulations on monopolies and trusts, including the Sherman Antitrust Act and the establishment of the Federal Trade Commission.

The Role of Muckrakers

• Investigative journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices.
• Upton Sinclair's 'The Jungle' highlighted the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry, leading to food safety reforms.
• Their work raised public awareness and mobilized support for various reforms.

Key Figures in Progressivism: Eugene V. Debs

• Debs was a prominent union organizer and a key figure in the Pullman Strike of 1894, which aimed to protest wage cuts and poor working conditions.
• He was jailed for violating an injunction under the Sherman Antitrust Act, highlighting the tensions between labor movements and government authority.
• Debs was a founding member of the Socialist Party of America, advocating for workers' rights and social reforms.
• He ran for president five times between 1900 and 1920, with his 1920 campaign being notable as he ran from prison, garnering nearly 1 million votes.
• His speeches and writings criticized the capitalist system, emphasizing the struggles of ordinary workers against powerful business interests.
• Debs' legacy includes his role in shaping labor rights and socialist movements in the United States.

Key Figures in Progressivism: Florence Kelley

• Kelley (born in 1859) was a social reformer who advocated for women and children in the workforce.
• She helped pass the Illinois Factory Act of 1893, which prohibited child labor and limited women's working hours.
• As general secretary of the National Consumers’ League, Kelley lobbied for better factory conditions and campaigned for a federal child labor law.
• Her investigations into slum conditions and sweatshops pushed for governmental intervention.
• Kelley’s work influenced future reform movements.
• She was a resident at Hull House, where she engaged in community service and reform activities.

Key Figures in Progressivism: Louis D. Brandeis

• Born to Czech Jewish immigrants, Brandeis became a prominent lawyer and advocate for social justice, earning the title 'people's attorney.'
• He argued for maximum work hours and minimum wages, emphasizing the need for state protection of vulnerable workers.
• His book, 'Other People’s Money,' critiqued the power of investment bankers over American industry, advocating for federal antitrust laws.

###Key Figures in Progressivism: James S. Hogg

• Hogg served as the governor of Texas in the 1890s and was known for his efforts to regulate railroads and protect consumers.
• His administration reformed monopolistic practices
• Hogg's policies laid the groundwork for future regulatory measures

Protecting Social Welfare

• The Social Gospel movement and settlement house initiatives alleviated poverty through community support and social services.
• Organizations like the YMCA provided educational resources, recreational facilities, and community engagement.
• The Salvation Army played a crucial role in providing food and shelter to the poor.
• Florence Kelley’s advocacy for women and children led to legislative changes.
• The settlement house movement inspired many women to take active roles in social reform.
• These movements laid the groundwork for the Progressive Era, emphasizing the importance of community and social responsibility.

Promoting Moral Improvement

• Moral reformers led to the temperance movement.
• The WCTU was founded in 1874, advocating for the prohibition of alcohol to improve societal morals.
• Under Frances Willard, the WCTU expanded its activities to include education, prison reform, and women's suffrage.
• The Anti-Saloon League emerged in 1895, focusing on legislative measures to enforce prohibition, often clashing with immigrant communities.
• Prohibition efforts led to significant social tensions, as saloons served as community hubs for many immigrants.
• By 1917, nearly half of the states had enacted laws prohibiting alcohol.

Economic Reform

• The Economic Panic of 1893 prompted support for socialism.
• Eugene V. Debs was a key figure in the American Socialist Party, advocating for a more equitable economic system.
• Debs criticized the imbalance of power between big business and ordinary citizens.
• His famous quote illustrates the struggles of competition faced by ordinary workers against monopolistic corporations.
• The rise of socialism during this period reflected broader discontent with economic inequality and labor exploitation.

The Role of Muckrakers

• Muckrakers were investigative journalists who exposed corruption and social injustices in early 20th-century America.
• Ida M. Tarbell’s exposé on Standard Oil revealed the unethical practices of John D. Rockefeller.
• Muckrakers highlighted dangerous working conditions, child labor, and the exploitation of workers.
• Their work played a crucial role in the Progressive movement.
• The term 'muckraker' originates from John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress.
• Muckraking journalism contributed to the broader reform agenda of the Progressive Era.

Key Figures In Muckraking

• Ida M. Tarbell highlighted the ruthless business practices of John D. Rockefeller thru her investigative work on the Standard Oil Company.
• Lincoln Steffens exposed corruption in business and government through his works, including The Shame of the Cities and The Struggle for Self-Government.

The Impact of Muckraking

• Muckrakers played a crucial role in raising public awareness about corruption and social injustices.
• Muckrakers utilized detailed narratives and factual evidence to enhance the credibility of their claims.
• The revelations by muckrakers led to increased public demand for government regulation and reform, particularly in industries like oil and manufacturing.
• Muckraking movement contributed to a cultural shift towards accountability in business and government, emphasizing the role of the press in democracy.

Key Principles of Scientific Management

• Frederick Winslow Taylor introduced scientific management, focusing on efficiency through time and motion studies.
• Taylorism aimed to improve productivity by breaking down tasks into simpler, more manageable parts.
• Lawyer Louis D. Brandeis utilized data from social scientists to argue for labor laws.
• While it improved efficiency, it often led to worker fatigue and high turnover rates.
• Henry Ford's introduction of the assembly line revolutionized automobile manufacturing.

Ford Model T and its impact on efficiency

• The mass production of the Model T exemplified the success of assembly line techniques.
• Despite high wages, workers faced grueling conditions.
• Ford's decision to reduce the workday to eight hours and pay a competitive wage aimed to attract and retain workers.
• Ford garnered both praise for innovation and criticism for the harsh realities faced by workers on the assembly line.
• Long-term effects influenced industries beyond manufacturing.

The Role of Government in Reform

• Natural disasters and social issues prompted movements to clean up local governments.
• Progressive mayors implemented reforms to reduce the influence of political bosses and improve city governance.
• Political Machines led to corruption, with bosses rewarding supporters and manipulating elections.
• Increased public awareness and activism were crucial in pushing for local governance reforms.
• The reforms initiated laid the groundwork for governmental accountability and transparency initiatives.

Social Problems in Industrial Cities

• The rise of industrial cities brought significant social issues, including corruption and inefficiency in local governments.
• Political bosses rewarded supporters with jobs and bribing constituents
• Reform movements were started to promote efficient governance.
• The Progressive Era saw citizens demanding accountability and transparency in local governance.

The Council-Manager System

• The council-manager form of government was adopted to emphasize efficiency and accountability.
• A city manager was appointed to run the city, reducing corruption risks.
• It allowed for a business-like approach to city management.
• By 1925, nearly 250 cities had adopted the council-manager system.

Reform in Local Governments and Their Case Studies

• Galveston, Texas prompted reformation after governmental failure due to a large hurricane.
• A five-member commission of experts was appointed to manage the city's recovery.
• Miami Conservancy District in Ohio, was a flood control project that became a model for other cities, emphasizing innovation approaches to urban planning

Progressive Mayors

• Mayors like Hazen Pingree of Detroit and Tom Johnson of Cleveland implemented reforms without altering city government structures.
• Pingree focused on economic reforms and corruption removal, while Johnson advocated for public utility ownership.
• Johnson included holding public meetings to foster dialogue between citizens and leaders.

The Role of Progressive Governors

• Governors like Robert M. La Follette of Wisconsin spearheaded reforms that regulated big businesses
• La Follette's 'Wisconsin Idea' used outside research to enact legal changes
• The progressive era saw the expansion of child labor, which came to lead calls for child protection legislature.
• The National Child Labor Committee was formed in 1904 and was a pivotal organization in exposing child exploitation

Legislative Changes and Compulsory Education

• By 1918, all states had enacted laws mandating school attendance and prioritized an educated society above exploitative labor

Picturing Poverty and Photographic change

• Lewis Hine transitioned from teaching to documenting child labor through photography, believing in its power to evoke public empathy and action.
• Images were striking due to candid natures and their vulnerabilties
• Photography lead to the establishment of child labor laws

Efforts To Reform Election

• Ordinary citizens successfully advocated for electoral reforms and created a more direct form of democracy.
• These reforms lead to a decrease in corruption and increase voter participation with secret ballots and election recalls.
• The push for the direct election of senators was a response to the corruption, and it would become the 17th amendment

Overview of the Progressive Era

• (1890s-1920s) was a response to the social and political issues caused by industrialization and urbanization.
• Reform movements aimed to address problems such as corruption in government, social injustices, and economic inequality.
• Key events included the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, which allowed for the direct election of senators.

Amendments and Legislation

• The Seventeenth Amendment allowed for the citizens to elect the senators.
• Progressive Era saw an increase in women pushing into public movements like moral and prohibition.

The Role of Reform Organizations

• The American Socialist Party advocated for workers' rights and economic equality and called out the failures of muckrakers.
• Organizations like YMCA worked along the public to provide economic stability by connecting citizens of all backgrounds.

Analyzing Primary Resources and Public Opinion

• Analyzing political cartoons can bring light to the public view as well as how reformers affected society and how the public viewed certain figure heads.
• Women reform encouraged public interaction and breaking of gender roles,

Historical Context Of Education Reform

• By the late 19th century, education had become mandatory for all children under 14, transitioning from labor to a priority.
• The curriculum during this period emphasized rote memorization which drew criticism for discouraging progressive practices.
• Discrimination and segregation in schools ultimately lead to the creation of Junior High Schools and the start of a transition to a more well rounded education.

Key Figures in Educational Reform

• Booker T. Washington was the founder of the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute, who believed in vocational education.
• W.E.B. Du Bois advocated for a liberal arts education and disagreed with vocational education.

The Role of Public Schools and Reform

• They were seen as essential for fostering citizenship, although the early structures would eventually need to be further modernized.
• Push for progressive methods and more equitable schools.

Document Based Investigation

• Based on historical documents, school became an obligation due to society recognizing its value.
• African Americans faced significant barriers to accessing public secondary education and their literacy was poor.
• Immigrants experiences were transforming as they blended into the education

Labor and W.E.B Debois

• Labor activists believed educational initiatives undermined the purpose of unions.
• W.E.B Debois would articulate two-ness of African Americans

Public School and Reforms Post Civil War

• Collegs for AA were few due to the poverty and the state and the schools would get in the way
• Booker wanted to get the black folks into economics and have a practical skill for the future.
• There was still change in practice and the impact of equality would be something of the future

Key Education Goals and Implication

• Through public education, society and government sought a basic education for all children
• Public Education came with various groups who believed would lead to better lives
• Impact contributed to significant progress for all

African American Nadir

• Nadir's extreme point emphasized the need for change
• Jim Crow, Peonage all affected African American lives and their ability to live them safely

Historical Context of Segretation

• It wasn't just African Americans but Chinese, and native Indians who faced this hardship.

Booker's speech and Jim Crow Low

• Post civil Reconstruction saw African Americans gain rights but it was met with hard criticism
• Voter limitations, grandfather clause kept African American people out of voting.

Supreme Court Actions

• Plessy and Slaughter house contributed to division and limitation in equality
• Plessy claimed separate but equal which almost never occurred at all.

Learning and Reflection

• Group learning to reflect how citizens felt gave the idea to new points never thought before
• Open discussion gave students a better feeling that there are more to Jim crow
• Gave ability to open awareness of the injustice

Societal impacts

• Enforcing second class society with bad ethics and rules that can be seen as unethical.
• Harlems growth due to segregation can be seen as a symbol.
• Psychological struggles from enfranchisement struggles

Reilence

Civil rights was being formed from legal challenges and grassroots rising and push for a more free system of voting

An overview of the Progressive Movement in the United States during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It covers the historical context, key events, and influential leaders who shaped the era. The movement addressed political corruption, social justice, and business regulation.