69 Questions
Which concentration of topical fluoride provides a driving force to penetrate the dental biofilm and concentrate it into areas with early lesions?
2500 ppm
What is the main mechanism of action of topical fluoride on enamel?
Decrease in demineralization and increase in remineralization
How does higher concentrations of fluoride affect the retention of fluoride in the oral cavity?
Higher concentrations prolong the retention
What is the possible antibacterial effect of fluoride?
Inhibiting the bacterial enzyme, enolase
Why does fluorapatite resist acid degradation better than biologic enamel?
Fluorapatite resists acid degradation better than biologic enamel
Which of the following is a potential consequence of fluoride toxicity on bone?
Increased osteoblast activity
How does excess fluoride (fluoride toxicity) affect the organization of newly laid down bone?
It becomes disorganized
What effect can fluoride have on the release of PTH from the parathyroid gland?
It increases PTH release
What is a potential consequence of increased PTH release caused by fluoride?
Increased bone resorption
How can fluoride affect the susceptibility to osteoporosis in the elderly?
It increases the susceptibility
What is a potential risk associated with fluoride toxicity on bone?
Increased bone brittleness
What can fluoride toxicity on bone lead to over time?
Increased bone fractures
What is the potential cosmetic treatment for fluorosis?
Both tooth bleaching and veneers placement
What is the usual intake of fluoride per day?
1-3 mg
What is the lethal dose of fluoride per day?
5-10 grams
How does acute toxicity of fluoride occur?
All of the above
Which group is recommended to see a dentist every 3 months for evaluation of oral health?
Diabetics
What can periodontal disease cause in pregnant women?
Pre-term labor
Which patients can develop gingivitis due to herpes simplex virus (HSV)?
HIV patients
What is a possible consequence of using medications like anti-convulsants and cyclosporine and calcium channel blocking drugs?
Overgrowth of gingiva
When can anti-plaque mouthwashes be used to replace mechanical toothbrushing?
All of the above
What can periodontal disease contribute to in diabetics?
Hyperglycemia
Which patients may require the use of acyclovir for oral lesions?
HIV patients
Which type of toothbrush would be better suited for mentally or physically-handicapped patients who are unable to brush their teeth themselves?
Electric toothbrush
When should an ultrasonic toothbrush be used transiently?
After subgingival scaling and root planing
What is the therapeutic benefit of using anti-plaque mouthwashes for patients with subgingival inflammation?
It has no therapeutic benefit
What is necessary for patients with subgingival inflammation?
Professional cleaning by subgingival scaling and root planing
What should be noted about the use of anti-plaque mouthwashes for patients with subgingival inflammation?
They will not achieve therapeutic benefit
Which of the following is an adjunct therapy for periodontal disease?
Systemic antibiotics
What is the main mechanism of action of benzophenanthridines in dental hygiene products?
Disrupting the bacterial cell wall or membrane
What is the MOA of biguanide antiseptics like chlorhexidine?
Damaging the bacterial cell wall
Which of the following is a characteristic of chlorhexidine?
Poor absorption by the GI tract
Which of the following is a potential consequence of fluoride toxicity on bone?
Increased PTH release
Which of the following is a common side effect of chlorhexidine rinse?
Formation of a brown extrinsic stain on the teeth and tongue
What is the recommended waiting time after brushing the teeth before using a chlorhexidine rinse?
30 minutes
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of chlorhexidine rinse?
Ingestion of chlorhexidine by a small child
What can ingestion of chlorhexidine by a small child result in?
Gastric distress
Which of the following is a possible side effect of chlorhexidine rinse?
All of the above
Which of the following products contains chlorhexidine?
All of the above
How often should Peridex® rinse be used?
Twice daily
What is the recommended duration of use for chlorhexidine in normal periodontal patients?
Up to 2 weeks
Which antiseptic has anti-inflammatory activity due to its anti-oxidative activity?
Phenolic antiseptics
Why should patients using chlorhexidine avoid tea, coffee, and red wine?
They can cause staining of the teeth
Which antiseptic is less effective than chlorhexidine due to having only one cationic site?
Cetylpyridinium chloride
What can high concentrations of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) over time induce?
Staining of the teeth
Which antiseptic has a poor effect in plaque inhibition?
Cetylpyridinium chloride
Which antiseptic is a prototypical example of phenolic antiseptics?
Listerine®
Which enzyme does triclosan block to inhibit fatty acid synthesis?
ENR enzyme
Which of the following is a potential concern associated with the use of triclosan?
Endocrine disruption
What is the mode of action of oxygenating agents?
Producing ROS and degrading protein and nucleic acids
What should be avoided in children or those with alcohol addiction?
Alcohol-containing mouthwashes
What is the suggested mode of action of delmopinol?
Inhibiting bacterial adherence to the tooth
What is the potential issue with prolonged use of iodophors?
Iodine sensitivity
What is the mode of action of halogens and halogen-releasing compounds?
Degrading protein and nucleic acids
What is the active ingredients in several antiplaque or anti-gingivitis agent?
Chlorophors
Which antibiotic is typically used as an adjunct to scaling and root planing for untreated chronic periodontitis?
Amoxicillin
Which antibiotic can serve as an alternative for those with allergies to penicillin or penicillin-resistant infections?
Clindamycin
Which antibiotic blocks cell wall synthesis in Gram+ bacteria and is useful for prevention of dental plaque after periodontal surgery?
Vancomycin
Which mouth rinse is recommended for those who cannot brush their teeth?
Chlorhexidine
In addition to antibiotics, what is another important factor in the treatment of infected tissue?
Proper drainage
Which patients may require the use of antibiotics in dental treatment?
Immunocompromised patients
Which antibiotic can be used as an alternative for those with allergies to penicillin or penicillin-resistant infections?
Clindamycin
Which antibiotic is a glycopeptide antibiotic that blocks cell wall synthesis in Gram+ bacteria?
Vancomycin
Which of the following is the suggested mode of action of delmopinol?
Inhibiting bacterial adherence to the tooth
What is the typical first line treatment for untreated chronic periodontitis, used as an adjunct to scaling and root planing?
Amoxicillin
Which is the best procedure for disrupting dental biofilm?
Mechanical toothbrushing with fluoride-based toothpastes
What is the role of fluoride in treating dental caries?
It resists acid degradation compared to calcium hydroxyapatite.
What is the main reason why antibiotics may not be useful if the tissue has become necrotic?
The antibiotic cannot reach the site of infection
When should systemic antibiotics be used in dental treatment?
As an adjunctive to tooth scaling and root planing
Test your knowledge on the benefits of topical fluoride in preventing dental decay. Learn about its mechanism of action, concentration levels, and its impact on enamel remineralization.
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