The Pituitary Gland and Hormones

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the primary function of the hypothalamus?

  • Regulating blood calcium levels
  • Producing insulin to regulate blood sugar
  • Controlling the pituitary gland and regulating thirst, sleep, emotions, and body temperature (correct)
  • Stimulating the growth of bones and muscles

Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone are secreted by what gland?

  • Pituitary gland
  • Anterior pituitary gland
  • Thyroid gland
  • Posterior pituitary gland (correct)

A child presenting with gigantism likely has an excess of which hormone?

  • Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
  • Growth hormone (correct)
  • Prolactin
  • Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Irregular menstrual cycles and infertility can be caused by elevated levels of which hormone?

<p>Prolactin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hashimoto's disease is associated with which of the following conditions?

<p>Hypothyroidism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Graves' disease primarily affects which gland?

<p>Thyroid gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Calcitonin primarily influences calcium levels by:

<p>Storing calcium in bones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone directly opposes the action of calcitonin?

<p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of insulin?

<p>To decrease blood sugar levels by facilitating glucose uptake into cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by:

<p>Autoimmune dysfunction of the pancreas leading to low insulin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is secreted by the pancreas to increase blood sugar levels?

<p>Glucagon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Addison's disease is typically associated with:

<p>Low cortisol levels (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cushing's syndrome is most likely caused by which of the following hormonal imbalances?

<p>High levels of cortisol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Epinephrine is primarily responsible for mediating which physiological response?

<p>Fight or flight (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A deficiency in testosterone in males can lead to:

<p>Decreased bone density (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of estrogen and progesterone in females?

<p>Regulating the menstrual cycle and supporting pregnancy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Menopause symptoms are caused by:

<p>Low Estrogen levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Melatonin, secreted by the pineal gland, is primarily involved in:

<p>Regulating the sleep-wake cycle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can cause insomnia and poor sleep due to decreased melatonin production?

<p>Aging (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excessive sleepiness and depression might be associated with elevated levels of:

<p>Melatonin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hypothalamus

Master regulator, controls pituitary gland. Regulates thirst, sleep, emotions, and body temperature.

Pituitary gland

Master gland, controls many hormones.

Posterior pituitary gland

Secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone, involved in breastfeeding, giving birth, and orgasm.

Growth hormone

Stimulates growth of bones and muscle; deficiency results in dwarfism.

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Dwarfism

Short stature and delayed growth, can be caused by pituitary damage, and genetic mutation.

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Gigantism/Acromegaly

High levels of growth hormone in a child, pituitary tumors.

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Prolactin

Stimulates breast milk production; low levels can cause poor lactation.

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Hyperprolactinemia

Elevated prolactin levels, causes irregular periods and infertility, pituitary tumor, and medication side effects.

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TSH (Thyroid Stimulating Hormone)

Stimulates the release of T3 and T4; controls thyroid and metabolism.

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Hypothyroidism

Low thyroid levels cause fatigue, weight gain, and slow metabolism, autoimmune disease called Hashimoto's or iodine deficiency.

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Hyperthyroidism

Elevated TSH weight loss, and elevated heart rate, Autoimmune disease (Graves disease) and thyroid tumor.

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Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium levels by storing it in bone.

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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Breaks down bone and brings calcium into the blood.

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Insulin

Pancreas releases it to lower blood sugar by helping cells absorb glucose.

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Hypoglycemia

Low blood sugar causes- dizziness and confusion and fatigue, Insulin producing tumor-tissues producing too much insulin.

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Pancreas

Secretes insulin and glucagon.

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Adrenal gland

Involved in stress response, metabolism, and immune response. Secretes cortisol.

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Pineal gland

Regulates sleep cycle; reacts to light.

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Testosterone

Male hormone; sperm production.

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Estrogen and progesterone

Regulate the menstrual cycle; help women get pregnant and involved in ovulation.

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Study Notes

  • The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland and regulates thirst, sleep, emotions, and body temperature
  • The neuro system controls the hypothalamus, which sends signals to hormones
  • The pituitary gland is the master gland and controls many hormones
  • The posterior pituitary gland secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone for breastfeeding, giving birth, and orgasm
  • Growth hormone stimulates bone and muscle growth; low levels result in dwarfism
  • Dwarfism is characterized by short stature and delayed growth, caused by pituitary damage or genetic mutation
  • High growth hormone levels in children cause gigantism, while in adults, it causes acromegaly
  • Tumors in the pituitary are caused by high levels of growth hormone
  • Prolactin is involved in lactation by stimulating breast milk production; low levels can cause poor lactation
  • Poor lactation caused by pituitary damage and medication side effects
  • High prolactin levels (hyperprolactinemia) causes irregular periods, infertility, pituitary tumors, and medication side effects
  • TSH (Thyroid stimulating hormone) stimulates the release of T3 and T4 which controls the thyroid and metabolism
  • Low TSH levels means not enough hormone is released
  • Hypothyroidism is caused by low thyroid levels causing fatigue, weight gain, and very slow metabolism
  • Autoimmune diseases (Hashimoto's) and iodine deficiency can cause hypothyroidism
  • Hyperthyroidism is caused by elevated TSH causing weight loss and an elevated heart rate
  • Autoimmune diseases (Graves disease) and thyroid tumors can cause hyperthyroidism
  • T3 and T4 regulate hormones and body temperature
  • Elevated T3 and T4 levels cause sweating, weight loss, and sensitivity to heat
  • Low elevated levels of T3 and T4 cause sensitivity to cold
  • Calcitonin lowers blood calcium levels by storing it in bones to strengthen them
  • Low calcitonin levels cause osteoporosis (weak bones) as a result of thyroid removal and aging
  • High calcitonin levels cause low calcium levels and muscle cramps, often caused by thyroid cancer
  • The parathyroid glands (PTH) are involved in calcium balance, PTH breaks down bone to increase blood calcium
  • Low PTH levels (hypo) cause low calcium and muscle spasms, caused by thyroid surgery or autoimmune attack
  • High PTH levels (hyper) cause high calcium levels, kidney stones, and tissue hardening; causes include high calcium, tumors, and kidney failure
  • The pancreas controls blood sugar by releasing insulin to lower blood sugar allowing cells to absorb glucose
  • Disorders like diabetes mellitus, elevated insulin levels, causes high blood sugar and excessive thirst
  • Type 1 diabetes is caused by autoimmune dysfunction of the pancreas results in low insulin
  • Type 2 diabetes is caused by insulin resistance
  • Low levels of diabetes (hypoglycemia) is caused by low blood sugar which can result in dizziness, confusion, and fatigue
  • Insulin-producing tumors can cause tissues to produce too much insulin
  • The pancreas secretes insulin and glucagon; low glucagon levels result in excess insulin
  • High glucose levels (hyperglycemia) indicate high sugar levels which result in liver disease and tumors
  • The adrenal gland is involved in stress response, metabolism, and immune response, and excretes cortisol to reduce inflammation
  • Low cortisol levels, caused by Addison's disease, cause fatigue, low blood pressure, autoimmune damage, and adrenal failure
  • High cortisol levels, caused by Cushing's syndrome, cause weight gain, high blood pressure, long-term steroid use, and adrenal tumors
  • Steroids lower immunity and raise blood sugar, increasing the risk of infection due to inflammation
  • Epinephrine is a hormone that is released during a "fight or flight" response, increasing heart rate and blood sugar
  • Low epinephrine levels cause fatigue, poor stress response, adrenal insufficiency, or nervous system damage
  • High epinephrine levels cause hypertension, rapid heart rate, and organ damage
  • Gonads are reproductive hormones
  • Testosterone is a male hormone that facilitates sperm production
  • Low testosterone levels cause muscle loss, infertility, and low sex drive
  • High testosterone levels cause acne and may cause aggression and heart disease risk
  • Estrogen and progesterone are female hormones that regulate the menstrual cycle, help women get pregnant, and are involved in ovulation
  • A shortage of estrogen and progesterone can cause low sex drive
  • Low estrogen levels can result in irregular periods and menopause symptoms, caused by menopause and ovarian failure
  • High estrogen levels can cause weight gain and clotting risk, caused by hormone therapy and estrogen-secreting tumors
  • The pineal gland secretes melatonin (sleep hormone), which reacts to light and regulates the sleep cycle
  • Low melatonin levels cause insomnia and poor sleep, caused by aging and light
  • High melatonin levels cause excessive sleepiness and depression, caused by seasonal changes and pineal tumors

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