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Questions and Answers
What is the significance of groups in the periodic table?
What is the significance of groups in the periodic table?
How many periods does the periodic table contain?
How many periods does the periodic table contain?
Who contributed to the development of the modern periodic table?
Who contributed to the development of the modern periodic table?
In the context of the periodic table, what does the term 'period' refer to?
In the context of the periodic table, what does the term 'period' refer to?
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What does the term 'valence' refer to in the context of the periodic table?
What does the term 'valence' refer to in the context of the periodic table?
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Which of the following correctly describes alkali metals?
Which of the following correctly describes alkali metals?
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What is the main characteristic of alkali metals in terms of their reactivity?
What is the main characteristic of alkali metals in terms of their reactivity?
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Which isotope of hydrogen is known as heavy hydrogen?
Which isotope of hydrogen is known as heavy hydrogen?
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Which statement accurately describes the valence of hydrogen?
Which statement accurately describes the valence of hydrogen?
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What is the discoverer of lithium known by?
What is the discoverer of lithium known by?
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Which property is associated with potassium bromide?
Which property is associated with potassium bromide?
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What is potassium iodide primarily used as?
What is potassium iodide primarily used as?
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Which chemical is known as 'liver of sulfur'?
Which chemical is known as 'liver of sulfur'?
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What type of agent is potassium chlorate classified as?
What type of agent is potassium chlorate classified as?
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What is the primary medical use of potassium permanganate?
What is the primary medical use of potassium permanganate?
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Who is referred to as the 'Father of Modern Chemistry'?
Who is referred to as the 'Father of Modern Chemistry'?
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What was the primary contribution of John Newlands to the periodic table?
What was the primary contribution of John Newlands to the periodic table?
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Which early chemist identified three groups of four elements in their classification system?
Which early chemist identified three groups of four elements in their classification system?
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What unique aspect did Leopold Gmelin contribute to the study of elements?
What unique aspect did Leopold Gmelin contribute to the study of elements?
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The Law of Triads primarily refers to the concept of:
The Law of Triads primarily refers to the concept of:
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August Kekule is best known for his work related to:
August Kekule is best known for his work related to:
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What distinguishes John Newlands' arrangement of elements from the modern periodic table?
What distinguishes John Newlands' arrangement of elements from the modern periodic table?
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Which of the following statements reflects a characteristic of the periodic table?
Which of the following statements reflects a characteristic of the periodic table?
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Which substance is commonly referred to as cream of tartar?
Which substance is commonly referred to as cream of tartar?
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What is the pharmacological action of ammonium chloride?
What is the pharmacological action of ammonium chloride?
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Which metal is regarded as the only reddish metal?
Which metal is regarded as the only reddish metal?
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What is a well-known use for copper sulfate?
What is a well-known use for copper sulfate?
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What is the toxic condition associated with copper called?
What is the toxic condition associated with copper called?
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Which compound is considered an important urinary acidifier?
Which compound is considered an important urinary acidifier?
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Which of the following is a known property of cesium?
Which of the following is a known property of cesium?
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What is the antidote for copper toxicity?
What is the antidote for copper toxicity?
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Which agent is known for having oligodynamic properties?
Which agent is known for having oligodynamic properties?
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Which of the following best describes the action of potassium thiocyanate?
Which of the following best describes the action of potassium thiocyanate?
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What is the primary role of ammonium carbonate in medicine?
What is the primary role of ammonium carbonate in medicine?
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Which of the following compounds is used as an eye antiseptic for newborns?
Which of the following compounds is used as an eye antiseptic for newborns?
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What type of salt is potassium bitartrate classified as?
What type of salt is potassium bitartrate classified as?
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What is the primary use of ammonium iodide?
What is the primary use of ammonium iodide?
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Study Notes
The Periodic Table
- The Periodic table displays chemical elements, organized by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.
- It contains 7 periods and 18 groups.
- Groups (also known as families) have similar valence electrons and properties.
- Periods (also known as series) represent the number of electron shells.
- Group A contains representative elements (s and p block)
- Group B contains transition elements (d and p block).
- Inner transition elements include Actinides and lanthanides series (f block).
History of the Periodic Table
- Antoine Lavoisier is considered the Father of Modern Chemistry.
- Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner proposed the Law of Triads, grouping elements with similar properties into groups of three.
- Leopold Gmelin expanded on Dobereiner's work by identifying triads, groups of four, and a group of five.
- Jean-Baptiste Dumas described relationships between different groups of metals.
- August Kekule identified the ability of Carbon to bond with up to four elements and founded the Theory of Chemical Structure.
- John Newlands proposed the Law of Octaves, which arranged elements according to atomic number, but differed slightly from the modern periodic table.
- Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev and Julius Lothar Meyer independently published their versions of the periodic table.
- Henry Mosley developed the modern periodic table based on atomic number and determined the atomic number of each element.
Group 1A: Alkali Metals
- Most reactive group; stored in an inert solvent like kerosene or paraffin.
- Do not occur freely in nature, due to their high reactivity.
- Their salts are soluble in water.
- Alkali metals have 1 valence electron.
- Activity increase with atomic number.
- **Alkalinity increase ** with atomic number.
- Degree of solvation increase with atomic number.
Hydrogen
- Discovered by Henry Cavendish in 1766, it was known as "inflammable air".
- It is the lightest and most abundant element in the universe.
- It forms a monovalent cation (hydronium) or an anion (hydride).
- Hydrogen is prepared by LANE PROCESS & MESSERSCHMIDT PROCESS, leading to 99% pure hydrogen.
- It exists in three isotopes: Protium (1H), Deuterium (2H), and Tritium (3H), which is radioactive.
Lithium
- Named after the Greek word "lithos", meaning stone.
- Lithium Bromide is a depressant used as an additive in bread.
Potassium Iodide
- Has similar properties as sodium iodide.
- It's used as an expectorant and is found in many reagents.
Potassium Chloride
- Found in Wagner's reagent, which also utilizes Iodine-Potassium Iodide.
- Component of Mayer's / Valser's reagent, which also utilizes Mercuric chloride and Potassium Iodide.
- Component of Dragendorff's / Krauts reagent, which also utilizes Potassium Iodide + Bismuth Nitrate.
Sulfured Potash
- Also known as Liver of sulfur, Heparis sulfur, and Liver of sulfur.
- Used in the preparation of White lotion for treating acne and parasitic infections.
- When mixed with Zinc sulfate, it makes an anti-psoriasis treatment.
Potassium Chlorate
- A strong oxidizing agent utilized in fireworks.
- Often found in gargles and mouthwashes.
Potassium Nitrate
- Also known as Saltpeter, Salitre, and Sal prunelle.
- It is used as a diuretic and a meat preservative.
Potassium Permanganate
- Known as the Mineral chameleon due to its color changing properties.
- It is a strong oxidizing agent and is used as an antiseptic (1: 5000 dilution).
- It’s used in permanganometry.
- Manganese’s valence in KMnO4 is +7.
- Starch is the indicator used in Permanganometry.
Potassium Sodium Tartrate
- Also known as Rochelle salt, Sal signette, and Signette salt.
- It's used as a cathartic, sequestering agent, and as a component of various reagents.
- Denige's reagent is used to differentiate between citrate and tartrate.
Potassium Thiocyanate
- Used as a hypotensive agent.
Potassium Bitartrate
- Known as “THE ONLY INSOLUBLE POTASSIUM SALT".
- It is also known as Cream of tartar, and Creamor.
- It’s used a a cathartic.
Ammonium
- Hypothetical alkali metal that is essential for life.
- Preparation: Haber process.
-
Pharmacological actions:
- Diuretic
- Buffer
- Expectorant
- Anti-cariogenic
Ammonium Acetate
- Also known as Spirit of Mindererus.
- Used as a styptic.
Ammonium Chloride
- Also known as Muriate of Hartshorn.
- Used as a urinary acidifier, diuretic, and expectorant.
Ammonium Carbonate
- Known as Sal volatile, Salt of Hartshorn, and Preston salt.
- It’s also called Baker’s ammonia.
- Used as a expectorant (ammonium)
- Antacid (carbonate) and as a respiratory stimulant.
Ammoniated Mercury
- Known as Hg(NH2)Cl or White precipitate.
- It’s used as a topical anti-infective agent.
Ammonium Iodide
- A major source of iodine, it’s also used as an expectorant and antifungal.
Cesium
- Used as a catalyst in the polymerization of resins.
- It was the first element discovered using spectroscopy due to its bright blue spectral line.
- Rubidum is another element that can be identified through its spectral line; it produces a red light.
Group 1B: Coinage Metals
- Coinage metals are malleable, making them easily formed into coins and jewelry.
- They exist naturally in their free metal states.
Copper
- Also known as Cuprum.
- It is the only reddish metal, and can be shaped; it’s the third most malleable metal.
- Second-best conductor of electricity.
- It’s a component of Hemocyanin (respiratory pigment) and cytochrome oxidase.
Copper Alloys
- Two important alloys of copper are brass (Cu+Zn) and bronze (Cu+Sn).
Pharmacological Actions of Copper
- Acts as a protein precipitant.
- It enhances the physiological utilization of iron.
Copper Toxicity
- In large doses, copper can cause Wilson’s disease, which can be treated with penicillamine.
Copper Sulfate
- Also known as CuSO4. 5H2O, Blue vitriol, blue stone, Roman vitriol, and Salzburg vitriol.
- CuSO4 is used as a component in Benedict’s, Barfoed’s, and Fehling’s reagents.
- It’s also used as an antidote for phosphorous poisoning.
- It’s also found in Bordeaux mixture.
Copper Aceto-Arsenate
- Also known as Paris Green, it’s used as an insecticide.
Cuprous Citrate
- Also known as Hatchett’s brown, it’s used as an astringent.
Cupric Hydrogen Arsenite
- Also known as “Scheele’s green”.
Silver
- Also known as Argentum, from the Latin word meaning "shining bright".
- It shows oligodynamic property (germicidal action).
- It also acts as a protein precipitant.
- It’s the best conductor of electricity.
- It’s the second most malleable metal.
Silver Toxicity
- Toxicity from silver can cause argyria (skin discoloration), which can be treated with normal saline solution (NSS).
Silver Nitrate
- Also known as "Lapiz infernulariz", “Lunar caustic", "Indelible ink", and “Caustic pencil”.
- It’s used for the treatment of warts.
- It’s also used as an antiseptic for newborn babies born to mothers with gonorrhea.
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Description
Explore the structure and organization of the periodic table, including groups and periods, and the significance of chemical properties. Discover the historical contributions of key figures in chemistry, such as Antoine Lavoisier and Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner, that shaped our understanding of elements.
