PCQA 111 Group IA and IB Week 8 PDF

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP IA AND GROUP IB PCQA 111 Jayson F. Serrano, RPh Instructor TERMINOLOGIES PERIODIC TABLE also known as the periodic table of elements, is a tabular display of the chemical...

OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP IA AND GROUP IB PCQA 111 Jayson F. Serrano, RPh Instructor TERMINOLOGIES PERIODIC TABLE also known as the periodic table of elements, is a tabular display of the chemical elements, which ARE ARRANGED by atomic number, electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties. The structure of the table shows periodic trends. OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PERIODIC TABLE HISTORY Antoine Lavoisier Father of Modern Chemistry List 33 chemical elements (Oxygen, Sulfur and Hydrogen) Johann Wolfgang Dobereiner Law of Triads (Dobereiner’s triad) – related properties OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Dobereiner’s Triad OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Dobereiner’s Triad OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Dobereiner’s Triad OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Dobereiner’s Triad OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Dobereiner’s Triad OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PERIODIC TABLE HISTORY Leopold Gmelin Gmelin System - he had identified ten triads, three groups of four, and one group of five. Jean-Baptiste Dumas describing relationships between various groups of metals. OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PERIODIC TABLE HISTORY August Kekule Ability of Carbon to bond other 4 elements. (Concept of Benzene) Founder of Theory of Chemical Structure John Newlands Law of Octaves Arrange the elements according to atomic number but slightly differ from modern P.T. OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Newlands’ Law of Octaves OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY PERIODIC TABLE HISTORY Dmitri Ivanovich Mendeleev and Julius Lothar Meyer Published periodic table Henry Mosley (Modern Periodic table) OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY MODERN PERIODIC TABLE OF ELEMENTS OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  PERIODIC TABLE vertical – groups/ family horizontal – periods/ series GROUPS PERIODS -same valence -# of shells -same properties S- P-block block D-block OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Periodic Trends OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY Things to remember Periods & Groups The periodic table has a total of 7 periods and 18 groups. Groups A are referred to as representative elements (s and p block) Groups B are transition elements (d and p block) Inner transition elements include Actinides and lanthanides series ( f block) OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1A ALKALI-METALS MOST REACTIVE GROUP Stored in inert solvent: kerosene coated and paraffin Don’t occur free in nature Salt soluble Valence electron: 1 Activity with atomic number Alkalinity with atomic number Degree of solvation with atomic number OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP IA – ALKALI METALS OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1A ALKALI-METALS HYDROGEN By Henry Cavendish (1766) Aka: “inflammable air” Lightest and Most abundant element Cation: monovalent or hydronium; Anion: hydride Preparation: LANE PROCESS & MESSERSCHMIDT PROCESS: 99% PURE HYDROGEN Isotopes: 1H-most abundant; PROTIUM 2H-heavy hydrogen; DEUTERIUM 3H-radioactive: TRITIUM OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  LITHIUM Greek word, “lithos” which means stone. “Earth Stone” Discoverer: J.A. Arfvedson ALKALI-METALS Lightest metal on Earth USES: GROUP 1A Heat exchanger in air condition LiBr - depressant Li2CO3(Lithase®) – DOC for Bipolar Disorder LiD (Deuterium) – used in Hydrogen bombs Diuretic OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  LITHIUM ALKALI-METALS GROUP 1A OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) GROUP Quilonium-R Lithane 1A Eskalith ALKALI- Indication: Bipolar disorder METALS Component of Lithia water OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1A ALKALI-METALS COMPOUND IMPORTANT NOTES Lithium Oxide Flux in ceramic glazes Lithium Fluoride Manufacture of ceramics Lithium stearate Cosmetics, in plastics, and as a lubricant in powder metallurgy Lithium Chloride Manufacture of mineral water, esp. Lithia water Lithium Aluminum Reducing agent, esp. In Hydroxide pharmaceutical and perfume manufacturing Lithium Hydroxide Absorb carbon dioxide, esp. In spacesuits Lithium Citrate Carbonated drinks OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1A ALKALI-METALS SODIUM (Natrium) 6th most abundant element in Earth the cation of choice to optimize the pharmaceutical utility of organic medicaments (therapeutic action due to anion, except NaCl) Most abundant extracellular fluid cation OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1A ALKALI-METALS SODIUM ACETATE Urinary and systemic alkalinizer Diuretic Antacid Tests: Zinc uranyl acetate (ZnUO2(CH3COO)4) Mg uranyl acetate (MgUO2(CH3COO)4) Cobalt uranyl acetate OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1A ALKALI-METALS SODIUM BICARBONATE Baking soda Systemic antacid Carbonating agent HCO3 - 2nd major extracellular anion Side effects: Systemic alkalosis Rebound hyperacidity Edema OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  SODIUM CARBONATE primary standard for acid-base titrations manufacture of “soda lime glass” GROUP Preparation: SOLVAY PROCESS 1A Efflorescence: loss of water of crystallization ALKALI- Forms: METALS Decahydrate is washing soda, sal soda, soda crystal Sesquihydrate is trona, urao Anhydrous is soda ash, calcined soda OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  SODIUM GROUP DIHYDROGENPHOSPHATE 1A Fleet enema (Rectal) ALKALI- Cathartic Source of P or Phosphate METALS Urinary acidifier OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1A ALKALI-METALS Sodium metabisulfite “Sodium pyrosulfite” Water soluble anti- oxidant (REDUCING AGENT) OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1A ALKALI-METALS SODIUM CHLORIDE rock salt, halite, table salt, Soler salt Uses: Electrolyte replenisher (NSS, Lactated Ringer’s soln.) Tonicity adjuster Condiments Preservative Antidote for Silver poisoning OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1A ALKALI-METALS SODIUM CITRATE Alkalinizer Buffer Diuretic Expectorant Sequestering agent (Benedict’s rgt) Anticoagulant in vitro (Sodium citrate is the ANTICOAGULANT OF CHOICE for most routine coagulation studies (Harr, 2007) Pro-coagulant in vivo OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  SODIUM FLUORIDE GROUP FIRST fluoride compound used in 1A water fluoridation ALKALI- Anticariogenic (2% solution) METALS Stimulator of bone formation OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1A ALKALI-METALS SODIUM HYDROXIDE “Caustic soda”; “sosa”; “Lye”; Saponifying agent Titrant for acids Component of soda lime (Ca(OH)2; NaOH, KOH)  CO2 absorber Very deliquescent substance Readily attack glass OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1A ALKALI-METALS SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE Dakin’s solution; Chlorox (5% NaClO) Dakin’s Solution: Modified Dakin’s Solution is Diluted NaClO solution, NF Used as irrigant Labarraque’s Solution: oxidizing and bleaching agent Disinfectant Bleaching agent OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP SODIUM IODIDE Solubilizer of iodine 1A Expectorant ALKALI- Antifungal METALS Treatment of goiter OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP SODIUM LACTATE 1A Antacid (management of ALKALI- acidosis) Diuretic METALS OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  SODIUM NITRITE Salitre (in Philippine market) Vasodilator GROUP Preservative 1A Treatment of cyanide poisoning ALKALI- CN- higher affinity than Heme to Hgb METALS NaNO2 is highly correlated to brain tumors, and digestive tract cancer (Pszezola, 1998) due to nitrosamine production. OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  CLINICAL CORRELATION CN Poisoning GROUP NaNO2 1A Amyl nitrite ALKALI- Sodium thiosulfate Others: METALS Methylene blue Hydroxocobalamin OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  SODIUM NITRATE Chile Saltpeter Fertilizer (believed to be the oldest known inorganic GROUP fertilizer) 1A Manufacture of explosive Guggenheim process  ALKALI- extraction process from ore METALS Test: Lunge test – (+) blue color at interface of 2 liquids Giess-Ilosvay – (+) red color OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  SODIUM SULFATE GROUP Glauber’ssalt 1A Sal mirabile ALKALI- Saline cathartic Production of detergents METALS and paper pulping OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  SODIUM TARTRATE GROUP primary standard of KFR for water content 1A determination ALKALI- (+) K  Rochelle salt METALS SODIUM THIOCYANATE Hypotensive agent OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  SODIUM THIOSULFATE Photographer’s hypo; GROUP Prismatic rice 1A Chemical antidote in cyanide poisoning ALKALI- Management of iodine METALS toxicity (converts iodine to harmless iodide)  Treatment of Iodism: NaCl OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  OTHER SODIUM DERIVATIVES Ion exchangers GROUP Cellulose sodium 1A phosphate: binds with calcium ALKALI- Sodium polystyrene METALS sulfonate: tx of hyperkalemia due to acute kidney infection OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  OTHER SODIUM DERIVATIVES Sodium starch glycolate Saccharin sodium GROUP Sodium cyclamate 1A SLS ALKALI- Sodium stearate Sodium alginate METALS MSG Sodium nitroprusside(infuse slowly) OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  POTASSIUM (K) AKA: Kalium, Potash GROUP Most abundant and 1A predominant INTRACELLULAR CATION ALKALI- Deficiency: Hypokalemia  METALS paralysis Toxicity: Hyperkalemia  cardiac arrest OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  POTASSIUM (K) Glass modification: GROUP 1A Potassium gives glass brown and light resistant ALKALI- MnO2: masks blue-green color Boron/ Borates: decreases the METALS coefficient of expansion Pb: increase refractive index Pharmacologic action: Diuretic; muscle contraction OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  POTASSIUM DIHYROGEN PHOSPHATE Cathartic GROUP POTASSIUM CHLORIDE 1A Kalium durules® ALKALI- Electrolyte replenisher (slow IV drip) METALS Source of potassium IMPORTANT NOTE: Never give by rapid IV push OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  DARROW’S SOLUTION Oral glucose and GROUP electrolyte solution 1A Water for injection ALKALI- POTASSIUM CITRATE Diuretic METALS Expectorant Diaphoretic OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE “caustic potash”, “lye potash” GROUP Saponifying agent “Saponification value” 1A Hard soap was made ALKALI- using soda; soft soap with METALS potash. POTASSIUM BROMIDE Depressant Additives in bread OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  POTASSIUM IODIDE Same as sodium iodide Expectorant GROUP Component of many reagents WAGNER’S = Iodine- 1A Potassium Iodide MAYER’S /VALSER’S ALKALI- REAGENT = Mercuric METALS chloride and Potassium iodide DRAGENDORFF’S/ KRAUTS RGT = Potassium Iodide + Bismuth Nitrate OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  SULFURATED POTASH Liver of sulfur GROUP Heparis sulfur 1A Preparation of white lotion ALKALI- Use to treat acne and METALS parasitic infections With Zinc sulfate  antipsoriasis OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1A ALKALI-METALS POTASSIUM CHLORATE Oxidizing agent Use in fireworks Component of gargle and mouthwashes POTASSIUM NITRATE Salt peter, Salitre, Sal prunelle Diuretic Meat preservative OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE Mineral chameleon GROUP Oxidizing agent Antiseptic (1:5000) 1A VS in permanganometry ALKALI- KMnO4  valence of METALS Manganese? In Permanganometry, what indicator? OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1A ALKALI-METALS POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE Rochelle salt Sal signette / Signette salt Cathartic Sequestering agent Citrate vs Tartrate: Denige’s reagent OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  POTASSIUM THIOCYNATE Hypotensive GROUP POTASSIUM BITARTRTATE 1A “THE ONLY INSOLUBLE ALKALI- POTASSIUM SALT” Cream of tartar METALS Creamor Cathartic OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  AMMONIUM ONLY HYPOTHETICAL GROUP alkali metal Preparation: Haber Process 1A Pcol action: ALKALI- Diuretic METALS Buffer Expectorant Anti-cariogenic OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  AMMONIUM ACETATE GROUP spirit of Minderesus Styptic 1A AMMONIUM CHLORIDE ALKALI- Muriate of Hartshorn METALS Urinary acidifier Diuretic expectorant OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  AMMONIUM CARBONATE Sal volatile GROUP Salt of Hartshorn Preston salt 1A Baker’s ammonia ALKALI- Uses METALS Expectorant (ammonium) Antacid (carbonate) Respiratory stimulant OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  AMMONIATED MERCURY Hg(NH2)Cl GROUP WHITE PRECIPITATE 1A Topical anti-infective ALKALI- AMMONIUM IODIDE Source of iodine METALS Expectorant Antifungal OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1A ALKALI-METALS CESIUM Catalyst in polymerization of resin forming material First element discovered using spectroscope Spectral line: Cesium: blue Rubidum: red OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  Properties: Can occur in free metal state GROUP 1B COINAGE Complexes / chelates METALS Very malleable Easy to recover from ore OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1B COINAGE METALS COPPER Syn: Cuprum Only reddish metal 3rd most malleable metal 2nd best conductor Component of HEMOCYANIN (respiratory pigment) and cytochrome oxidase OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1B COINAGE METALS COPPER 2 important of alloys: Brass: Cu +Zn Bronze: Cu + Sn Pharmacologic actions: Protein precipitant Enhances physiological utilization of iron Toxicity: Wilson’s disease OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS (Antidote: penicillamine) COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1B COINAGE METALS COPPER SULFATE CuSO4.5H2O Blue vitriol, Blue stone, Roman vitriol, Salzburg vitriol Uses Component of Benedict’s, Barfoed’s and Fehling’s ingredient Antidote for Phosphorous poisoning Ingredient of Bordeaux mixture OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1B COINAGE METALS COPPER ACETO- Cu3(AsO3)2.Cu(C2H3O)2 ARSENATE Paris Green (Insecticide) CUPROUS Hatchett’s brown CITRATE Astringent (8%) CUPRIC HYDROGEN “Scheele’s green” ARSENITE OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1B COINAGE METALS SILVER Aka: Argentum, “shining bright” Oligodynamic property (germicidal action) Protein ppt Best conductor of electricity 2nd malleable metal Toxicity: Argyria Antidote: NSS OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  SILVER NITRATE “Lapiz infernulariz”, “Lunar caustic”, “Indelible GROUP ink”, “Caustic pencil” 1B Treatment of warts COINAGE Eye antiseptic for newborn METALS babies of mother with gonorrhea. Wet dressing for 3rd degree burn at 0.5% OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1B COINAGE METALS AMMONIACAL SILVER NITRATE Ag(NH3)2NO3 “Howe’s solution” Dental protective Desensitizing agent Tollen’s rgt OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1B COINAGE METALS SILVER PROTEINATES Mild Silver Proteinate Agyrol Eye antiseptic, for (19-25% antiseptic) vaginitis Strong Silver Proteinate Protargol Germicide for ear and (7.5-8.5% germicidal) throat Colloidal Silver Proteinate Collargol General germicide (18-22% gen. germicidal) Colloidal Silver Chloride Lunosol *silver protein stabilizer: Disodium EDTA OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  GOLD Aka: “Aurum”, “Shining dawn”, KING OF ALL METALS GROUP Most malleable and ductile 1B 3rd best conductor of COINAGE electricity Dissolved by: METALS Aqua regia (Royal Water) Selenic acid (H2SeO4) > the only SINGLE acid that can dissolve gold OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY GROUP 1B COINAGE METALS CHRYSOTHERAPY/ AUROTHERAPY Aurothioglucose Solganal® -Treatment of gout and (IM) R.A -Felty’s syndrome (RA, neutropenia, splenomegaly) Gold Na Myochrysine® Treatment of gout and R.A thiomalate (IM) Auranofin Ridaura® Given orally for RA OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY – ANTIPOLO CAMPUS COLLEGE OF PHARMACY  OUR LADY OF FATIMA UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF PHARMACY THANK YOU FOR LISTENING