Questions and Answers
When was the 1st Crusade and what was the outcome of it?
1099 and ended in the capture of Jerusalem.
What was a Crusade?
It was a combination of a holy war and a pilgrimage.
What happened during the 1st Crusade?
It was also known as the 'Popular Crusade' and involved ill-organized bands of peasants attacking Jewish communities and fighting Christians.
When was the First Crusade launched?
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Why was the term 'pilgrimage' appropriate for the Crusaders?
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What type of pilgrim were the Crusaders?
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What was 'plenary indulgence'?
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Did people go on the Crusades because of spiritual considerations or material wealth?
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Who launched the 1st Crusade and why?
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What was the response to the Pope's call?
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What happened with the 'People's Crusade'?
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Why did the Crusades attack Jewish communities?
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What happened on their way to Constantinople?
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What was the ultimate fate of the People's Crusade?
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Why were the 1st Crusaders defeated by the Turks?
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Study Notes
The People's Crusade Overview
- The 1st Crusade occurred in 1099 and resulted in the capture of Jerusalem, highlighting Europe's growing influence during the High Middle Ages.
- A Crusade combined elements of a holy war and a pilgrimage, granting participants spiritual rewards associated with both.
The Popular Crusade
- The 1st Crusade is also referred to as the "Popular Crusade," characterized by disorganized bands of peasants and a limited number of knights.
- Before departing Europe for the Holy Land, Crusaders attacked and destroyed Jewish communities in the Rhine Valley.
- They encountered conflict with Christian inhabitants along their route and were eventually defeated by Turks in Asia Minor.
Terminology and Pilgrimage
- The term "Crusade" emerged about a century after the campaign began, which was initially termed a "pilgrimage."
- Crusaders acted as pilgrims, possessing symbolic items like a staff and wallet, traveling to a designated location (Jerusalem), and receiving spiritual benefits.
Spiritual Dimension and Indulgences
- Crusaders were considered armed pilgrims; those dying in the conflict were viewed as martyrs.
- They received "plenary indulgences," a form of absolution, allowing them to bypass previous penances and purgatory time.
Motivations for Participation
- Debate exists around whether participants were driven by spiritual beliefs or the promise of material gain; leaders often had differing motivations.
- High costs associated with the campaigns suggest that religious motivation may have been more influential, supplemented by feudal obligations and familial ties.
Initiation of the Crusade
- Pope Urban II launched the 1st Crusade on November 27, 1095, at the Council of Clement, motivated by a request from the Byzantine Emperor to combat Turkish forces.
- The Pope aimed to restore the relationship between the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, seeking healing for the Schism of 1054.
Response to the Pope's Call
- The response was unprecedented, with estimates exceeding 100,000 participants, primarily common people rather than knights or aristocrats, forming the "People's Crusade."
Jewish Community Attacks
- The People's Crusade was poorly organized and initiated violence against Jewish communities, extorting wealth to fund their expedition before pursuing their mission in the Holy Land.
Consequences of the Journey
- On their way to Constantinople, where groups were meant to regroup, the Crusaders engaged in frequent conflicts with local Christian populations.
Fate of the People's Crusade
- By autumn 1096, remnants of the People's Crusade were decimated by Turkish forces in Asia Minor, resulting in significant losses.
Reasons for Defeat
- The reasons for the defeat vary according to historians, with Byzantine accounts suggesting the Emperor's attempts to prevent their entrance into Asia Minor were ignored by the Crusaders.
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Test your knowledge on the People's Crusade with these flashcards. Learn about the significant events, outcomes, and definitions related to the Crusades, especially the first one that occurred in 1099. Perfect for students of medieval history.