Questions and Answers
What architectural styles are present in the Parthenon?
Who were the architects of the Parthenon?
Iktinos and Kallikrates
What does the term 'Contrapposto' mean?
Counterpose
The direction of the sunrise is east to west.
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What materials were used for the Athena Parthenos statue?
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The Parthenon was built between ____ and ____ BCE.
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What is the optical refinement theory?
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What is the main significance of the Parthenon?
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What style is mainly associated with the Doric order?
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The temple built using the post-and-lintel structural system can be seen in ____ structures.
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What type of stone was used in the Temple of Hera in Paestum?
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Match the following elements with their descriptions:
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What is the Acropolis of Athens?
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Study Notes
The Parthenon
- Famed ancient temple dedicated to the goddess Athena, exemplifying Classical Greek architecture.
- Designed by architects Iktinos and Kallikrates between 447-432 BCE in Athens, Greece.
Directional Orientation
- Oriented from east to west; the sun rises in the east, but the west facade is prominently visible first.
Cultural Significance
- Represents Athenian religious devotion, wealth, power, and cultural identity.
Athena Parthenos Statue
- Created by sculptor Phidias between 450-430 BCE; made of gold and ivory.
- The statue symbolized Athenian reverence for Athena.
Structural System
- Features post-and-lintel structural system; two vertical posts support a horizontal lintel.
- This foundational system has influenced architectural styles throughout history.
Doric Order
- One of the three classical architectural orders, alongside Ionic and Corinthian.
- Characterized by simple design, fluted columns, and no base; the column rests directly on the stylobate.
- Associated with masculine virtues, and often considered cost-effective in construction.
Temple of Hera in Paestum
- Built in 550 BCE, using limestone; features bulging columns similar to those seen in the Parthenon.
- Represents perfection in ancient Greek architectural practices.
Optical Refinement Theory
- Ancient architects utilized slight curvature in structure to combat visual distortion.
- Horizontal lines were raised at the middle to counteract the optical illusion of sagging.
- Columns exhibited a "swelling" called entasis to enhance visual appeal.
Architectural Orders in the Parthenon
- The Parthenon features both Doric and Ionic architectural orders, signaling an innovative combination.
- The Corinthian order is notably absent from its design.
The Acropolis of Athens
- A historic citadel located on a high rocky outcrop in Athens, housing significant ancient structures, with the Parthenon as the most renowned.
Doryphoros
- A classical sculpture by Polykleitos, circa 440 BCE, embodying the ideal proportions of the human body.
- Emphasizes the philosophy of symmetry and balance in art, expressed as "Perfection lies in many numbers."
Contrapposto Technique
- Italian term meaning "counterpose," describing the posture of a human figure with weight distributed unevenly, enhancing the naturalistic appearance.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the Parthenon with these flashcards. Explore its architectural significance, religious importance, and the history behind its creation in ancient Athens. These cards will help you understand the cultural context and identity represented by this iconic structure.
