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Questions and Answers
Which group of animals includes reptiles, birds, and mammals?
Which group of animals includes reptiles, birds, and mammals?
- Craniates
- Tetrapods
- Amniotes (correct)
- Urochordates
What is the precursor to the backbones and nervous system in chordates?
What is the precursor to the backbones and nervous system in chordates?
- Nerve cord
- Postanal tail
- Notochord (correct)
- Gill slits
Which group of animals has all chordate characteristics in their juvenile state but lose them in their adult form?
Which group of animals has all chordate characteristics in their juvenile state but lose them in their adult form?
- Amniotes
- Cephalochordates
- Craniates
- Urochordates (correct)
What type of animals are sand dollars, sea urchins, and sea stars?
What type of animals are sand dollars, sea urchins, and sea stars?
Which group of animals diverged first according to the text?
Which group of animals diverged first according to the text?
What do amniotes, including reptiles, birds, and mammals, have that allows them to reproduce on land?
What do amniotes, including reptiles, birds, and mammals, have that allows them to reproduce on land?
Which trait is not specific to mammals?
Which trait is not specific to mammals?
Approximately when did Homo erectus evolve in Africa?
Approximately when did Homo erectus evolve in Africa?
What significant discovery was made in human evolution regarding Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi) and Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy)?
What significant discovery was made in human evolution regarding Ardipithecus ramidus (Ardi) and Australopithecus afarensis (Lucy)?
What do modern humans have in comparison to their ancestors?
What do modern humans have in comparison to their ancestors?
Where did Homo sapiens originate?
Where did Homo sapiens originate?
When did human migration occur to some parts of the world?
When did human migration occur to some parts of the world?
What was the Earth's early atmosphere lacking, allowing for the abiotic synthesis of organic compounds?
What was the Earth's early atmosphere lacking, allowing for the abiotic synthesis of organic compounds?
What did Miller and Urey's experiments demonstrate the possibility of synthesizing abiotically?
What did Miller and Urey's experiments demonstrate the possibility of synthesizing abiotically?
Which theory of life's origins gained acceptance, requiring four steps including the emergence of self-replicating entities?
Which theory of life's origins gained acceptance, requiring four steps including the emergence of self-replicating entities?
What did early theories of life's origins include, eventually discredited by experiments?
What did early theories of life's origins include, eventually discredited by experiments?
All of the characteristics of life can be classified into 3 categories- two of these categories are energy and materials; what is the third?
All of the characteristics of life can be classified into 3 categories- two of these categories are energy and materials; what is the third?
When did life on Earth begin, according to evidence?
When did life on Earth begin, according to evidence?
What is a key benefit of bipedal movement in early hominids?
What is a key benefit of bipedal movement in early hominids?
What is a significant factor correlated with the increase in human brain size over several million years?
What is a significant factor correlated with the increase in human brain size over several million years?
What did the Laetoli footprints provide valuable information about?
What did the Laetoli footprints provide valuable information about?
What is a key aspect correlated with the evolution of the human phenotype?
What is a key aspect correlated with the evolution of the human phenotype?
What is a common requirement for all characteristics of life?
What is a common requirement for all characteristics of life?
What is a key impact of energy use on societies?
What is a key impact of energy use on societies?
Which of the following is true about protobionts?
Which of the following is true about protobionts?
What is the significance of RNA in early organisms?
What is the significance of RNA in early organisms?
What led to the emission of oxygen into the atmosphere approximately 2.2 billion years ago?
What led to the emission of oxygen into the atmosphere approximately 2.2 billion years ago?
What is the endosymbiosis hypothesis about the emergence of eukaryotic cells?
What is the endosymbiosis hypothesis about the emergence of eukaryotic cells?
According to the serial endosymbiosis theory, what evolved before chloroplasts in early eukaryotes?
According to the serial endosymbiosis theory, what evolved before chloroplasts in early eukaryotes?
What is the significance of the incorporation of prokaryotic cells into early eukaryotes?
What is the significance of the incorporation of prokaryotic cells into early eukaryotes?
Which of the following are not common to chordates?
Which of the following are not common to chordates?
What is the estimated timeframe for the origin of humans based on DNA evidence?
What is the estimated timeframe for the origin of humans based on DNA evidence?
Approximately when did the change in climate occur, impacting the evolution of primates?
Approximately when did the change in climate occur, impacting the evolution of primates?
Which species are NOT mentioned as having coexisted with Homo sapiens at different points in time?
Which species are NOT mentioned as having coexisted with Homo sapiens at different points in time?
What is a common misconception about the evolution of Homo sapiens?
What is a common misconception about the evolution of Homo sapiens?
Which best describes the evolution of primates over the past five million years?
Which best describes the evolution of primates over the past five million years?
Approximately when did Homo sapiens emerge?
Approximately when did Homo sapiens emerge?
What distinguished Homo sapiens from Homo erectus?
What distinguished Homo sapiens from Homo erectus?
What was a characteristic of Homo habilis?
What was a characteristic of Homo habilis?
What was the lifestyle of Homo sapiens until 10,000 years ago?
What was the lifestyle of Homo sapiens until 10,000 years ago?
Which continent does the overwhelming evidence suggest humans arose from?
Which continent does the overwhelming evidence suggest humans arose from?
What was the estimated age of the Laetoli footprints?
What was the estimated age of the Laetoli footprints?
What did the evolution of bipedal movement provide to early hominids?
What did the evolution of bipedal movement provide to early hominids?
What is correlated with the evolution of the human phenotype?
What is correlated with the evolution of the human phenotype?
What was the significance of the Laetoli footprints?
What was the significance of the Laetoli footprints?
What is one theory about the energy freed up by bipedal movement?
What is one theory about the energy freed up by bipedal movement?
When did mammals arise?
When did mammals arise?
When did hominids arise?
When did hominids arise?
When did Homo sapiens arise?
When did Homo sapiens arise?
When did the Great Apes arise?
When did the Great Apes arise?
What is a distinguishing characteristic of living things related to their internal environment?
What is a distinguishing characteristic of living things related to their internal environment?
Which of the following is essential for life as it is required for all biological processes?
Which of the following is essential for life as it is required for all biological processes?
What is a key feature that separates living things from inanimate objects?
What is a key feature that separates living things from inanimate objects?
Which of the following is the best definition of life according to Dr. Gillooly?
Which of the following is the best definition of life according to Dr. Gillooly?
Why do scientists debate whether a virus, which lacks metabolism, is alive?
Why do scientists debate whether a virus, which lacks metabolism, is alive?
What is the main challenge scientists face in understanding the origin of life?
What is the main challenge scientists face in understanding the origin of life?
What process occurs when solutions with organic monomers are dripped onto hot rocks in a laboratory setting?
What process occurs when solutions with organic monomers are dripped onto hot rocks in a laboratory setting?
What is the significance of the formation of protobionts in the context of the origin of life?
What is the significance of the formation of protobionts in the context of the origin of life?
What is the earliest genetic material believed to have been present in the earliest life forms?
What is the earliest genetic material believed to have been present in the earliest life forms?
What was the by-product of the process of photosynthesis that drastically changed Earth's environment?
What was the by-product of the process of photosynthesis that drastically changed Earth's environment?
What is the significance of the term 'prokaryotes'?
What is the significance of the term 'prokaryotes'?
What played an important role in preparing the Earth for eukaryotes?
What played an important role in preparing the Earth for eukaryotes?
What was the main reason why early organisms were likely anaerobes?
What was the main reason why early organisms were likely anaerobes?
What led to the increase in oxygen levels in the atmosphere approximately 2.7 billion years ago?
What led to the increase in oxygen levels in the atmosphere approximately 2.7 billion years ago?
What distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes?
What distinguishes eukaryotes from prokaryotes?
What is the endosymbiosis hypothesis regarding the emergence of eukaryotic cells?
What is the endosymbiosis hypothesis regarding the emergence of eukaryotic cells?
What is the estimated age of the earliest fossils of eukaryotes?
What is the estimated age of the earliest fossils of eukaryotes?
What led to the development of endoplasmic reticulum, a nuclear envelope, and a well-defined nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
What led to the development of endoplasmic reticulum, a nuclear envelope, and a well-defined nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
What resulted in the ancestral heterotrophic eukaryotic cell?
What resulted in the ancestral heterotrophic eukaryotic cell?
What caused the development of endoplasmic reticulum, a nuclear envelope, and a well-defined nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
What caused the development of endoplasmic reticulum, a nuclear envelope, and a well-defined nucleus in eukaryotic cells?
What was the result of some cells engulfing photosynthetic prokaryotes?
What was the result of some cells engulfing photosynthetic prokaryotes?
What is believed to be the precursor to mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
What is believed to be the precursor to mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
True or false: The development of endoplasmic reticulum, a nuclear envelope, and a well-defined nucleus in eukaryotic cells was caused by an infolding of their plasma membrane?
True or false: The development of endoplasmic reticulum, a nuclear envelope, and a well-defined nucleus in eukaryotic cells was caused by an infolding of their plasma membrane?
True or false: The ancestral heterotrophic eukaryotic cell resulted from the engulfment of aerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes, the precursors to mitochondria?
True or false: The ancestral heterotrophic eukaryotic cell resulted from the engulfment of aerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes, the precursors to mitochondria?
True or false: The ancestral photosynthetic eukaryote resulted from the engulfment of photosynthetic prokaryotes, the precursors to chloroplasts?
True or false: The ancestral photosynthetic eukaryote resulted from the engulfment of photosynthetic prokaryotes, the precursors to chloroplasts?
What evidence supports the serial endosymbiosis theory for the emergence of mitochondria and chloroplasts in early eukaryotes?
What evidence supports the serial endosymbiosis theory for the emergence of mitochondria and chloroplasts in early eukaryotes?
What did Dr. Gillooly point out as evidence supporting the serial endosymbiosis theory?
What did Dr. Gillooly point out as evidence supporting the serial endosymbiosis theory?
What was the sequence of incorporation of organelles according to the serial endosymbiosis theory?
What was the sequence of incorporation of organelles according to the serial endosymbiosis theory?
According to the serial endosymbiosis theory, mitochondria evolved before chloroplasts.
According to the serial endosymbiosis theory, mitochondria evolved before chloroplasts.
Lynn Margulis published the serial endosymbiosis theory in 1981 and it was widely accepted at the time.
Lynn Margulis published the serial endosymbiosis theory in 1981 and it was widely accepted at the time.
The Hatena arenicola is a single-celled eukaryote that transitions into an autotroph by engulfing and incorporating a photosynthetic algae cell.
The Hatena arenicola is a single-celled eukaryote that transitions into an autotroph by engulfing and incorporating a photosynthetic algae cell.
Early prokaryotes developed the ability to use the prodigious amounts of ultraviolet light in
Earth's early atmosphere to fix carbon via photosynthesis.
Early prokaryotes developed the ability to use the prodigious amounts of ultraviolet light in Earth's early atmosphere to fix carbon via photosynthesis.
According to this theory, plastids (such as chloroplasts) and mitochondria are the evolutionary remnants of early prokaryotic endosymbionts, which are organisms living inside other organisms.
According to this theory, plastids (such as chloroplasts) and mitochondria are the evolutionary remnants of early prokaryotic endosymbionts, which are organisms living inside other organisms.
The evidence supporting the endosymbiosis theory is considerable, but not conclusive.
The evidence supporting the endosymbiosis theory is considerable, but not conclusive.
Scientists believe that multicellularity first evolved how long ago? ,
Scientists believe that multicellularity first evolved how long ago? ,
What is the most accepted theory of multicellularity today?
What is the most accepted theory of multicellularity today?
What are examples of modern-day organisms that demonstrates the beliefs of the Colonial Theory?
What are examples of modern-day organisms that demonstrates the beliefs of the Colonial Theory?
Continental drift is the process whereby the continental plates slowly move over the planet's hot mantle and cause geological events, such as earthquakes, lava flow, and the formation of islands and mountains.
Continental drift is the process whereby the continental plates slowly move over the planet's hot mantle and cause geological events, such as earthquakes, lava flow, and the formation of islands and mountains.
The geological events caused by Continental Drift (such as earthquakes and lava flow) are independent from species diversity on earth.
The geological events caused by Continental Drift (such as earthquakes and lava flow) are independent from species diversity on earth.
A homoplasy is another term for ____________.
A homoplasy is another term for ____________.
Neutral changes to DNA sequences and vestigial traits are good examples
of ...
Neutral changes to DNA sequences and vestigial traits are good examples of ...
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Study Notes
The Origin and Evolution of Life on Earth
- Protobionts, precursors to prokaryotic cells, spontaneously cluster in an abiotic environment, forming the earliest membranes.
- Protobionts exhibit basic metabolism by maintaining an internal environment different from their external environment.
- Self-replication, a key requirement for life, is the only aspect that scientists have been unable to create in the laboratory.
- The earliest life forms on Earth were prokaryotes, including Bacteria and Archaea, with humans more closely related to Archaea.
- RNA, not DNA, was likely the earliest genetic material due to its multiple functions and importance in early organisms.
- Photosynthesis led to the emission of oxygen into the atmosphere, creating conditions for aerobic respiration to evolve approximately 2.2 billion years ago.
- Prokaryotes, particularly cyanobacteria, played a crucial role in increasing oxygen levels in the atmosphere through photosynthesis.
- Eukaryotes, distinct from prokaryotes, emerged around 2.1 billion years ago with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
- The endosymbiosis hypothesis suggests that eukaryotic cells emerged as one prokaryotic cell engulfed another in a symbiotic relationship.
- The infolding of the plasma membrane led to the development of endoplasmic reticulum, a nuclear envelope, and a well-defined nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
- According to the serial endosymbiosis theory, mitochondria evolved before chloroplasts in early eukaryotes.
- The incorporation of prokaryotic cells into early eukaryotes led to the ancestral heterotrophic and photosynthetic eukaryotic cells.
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