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Questions and Answers
What are NORM materials mainly composed of?
What are NORM materials mainly composed of?
- Isotopes of cobalt, nickel, and iron
- Isotopes of radium, lead, and polonium (correct)
- Isotopes of cesium, iodine, and strontium
- Isotopes of uranium, thorium, and plutonium
How can workers be exposed to NORM radiation?
How can workers be exposed to NORM radiation?
- Both A and B (correct)
- None of the above
- Through internal radiation from inhalation or ingestion of NORM dust and scales
- Through external gamma radiation
How can NORM waste and equipment contaminate the environment?
How can NORM waste and equipment contaminate the environment?
- None of the above
- Through proper storage and disposal
- Through both A and B
- Through spills (correct)
What can minimize radiation risks from NORM?
What can minimize radiation risks from NORM?
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Where is NORM most commonly enriched?
Where is NORM most commonly enriched?
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Study Notes
- Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) can enter the oil and gas industry through extraction and processing activities.
- NORM can accumulate in equipment and waste streams, posing radiological hazards to workers and the environment.
- NORM materials mainly consist of isotopes of radium, lead, and polonium.
- Workers can be exposed to external gamma radiation and internal radiation from inhalation or ingestion of NORM dust and scales.
- Accumulated NORM waste and equipment can contaminate the environment through improper storage, disposal, and spills.
- Proper radiation protection measures, control technologies, and regulatory standards can minimize radiation risks from NORM.
- A balanced approach is needed to ensure safe and sustainable development of oil and gas resources alongside NORM.
- NORM contains no significant amounts of radionuclides other than naturally occurring radionuclides.
- NORM is most commonly enriched in reservoir geologic formations and production fluids.
- Changes in temperature, pressure, and chemistry can cause NORM to precipitate from solution and accumulate in processing equipment and waste streams.
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