The NORM Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What are NORM materials mainly composed of?

  • Isotopes of cobalt, nickel, and iron
  • Isotopes of radium, lead, and polonium (correct)
  • Isotopes of cesium, iodine, and strontium
  • Isotopes of uranium, thorium, and plutonium

How can workers be exposed to NORM radiation?

  • Both A and B (correct)
  • None of the above
  • Through internal radiation from inhalation or ingestion of NORM dust and scales
  • Through external gamma radiation

How can NORM waste and equipment contaminate the environment?

  • None of the above
  • Through proper storage and disposal
  • Through both A and B
  • Through spills (correct)

What can minimize radiation risks from NORM?

<p>All of the above (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is NORM most commonly enriched?

<p>In reservoir geologic formations and production fluids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

  • Naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) can enter the oil and gas industry through extraction and processing activities.
  • NORM can accumulate in equipment and waste streams, posing radiological hazards to workers and the environment.
  • NORM materials mainly consist of isotopes of radium, lead, and polonium.
  • Workers can be exposed to external gamma radiation and internal radiation from inhalation or ingestion of NORM dust and scales.
  • Accumulated NORM waste and equipment can contaminate the environment through improper storage, disposal, and spills.
  • Proper radiation protection measures, control technologies, and regulatory standards can minimize radiation risks from NORM.
  • A balanced approach is needed to ensure safe and sustainable development of oil and gas resources alongside NORM.
  • NORM contains no significant amounts of radionuclides other than naturally occurring radionuclides.
  • NORM is most commonly enriched in reservoir geologic formations and production fluids.
  • Changes in temperature, pressure, and chemistry can cause NORM to precipitate from solution and accumulate in processing equipment and waste streams.

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