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Questions and Answers
What was the primary reason for the League of Nations' failure to provide collective security to its member nations during the Manchurian Crisis?
What was the outcome of the Lytton Commission's report on the Manchurian Crisis?
What was the primary reason for the reluctance of powerful nations like Britain and France to take action against Japan during the Manchurian Crisis?
What was the Stimson Doctrine, implemented by the United States in response to the Manchurian Crisis?
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What was one of the contributing factors to the League of Nations' inaction during the Manchurian Crisis?
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What was the outcome of the Manchurian Crisis for the League of Nations?
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What event led to the formation of the Second United Front in China?
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What was the primary reason for the United States' initial reluctance to get involved in the conflict in China?
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What event increased anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States in 1937?
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What did the United States do in 1941 that marked a significant shift in its policy towards Japan?
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What was the outcome of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941?
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What principle did the Stimson Doctrine uphold?
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Study Notes
- The Manchurian Crisis marks the failure of the League of Nations to provide collective security to its member nations, as it lacks enforcement mechanisms without consensus among its members.
- The League of Nations sends a fact-finding mission, the Lytton Commission, to investigate the crisis, but Japan has already taken over Manchuria and proclaimed an independent state by the time the report is issued.
- The Lytton Commission report finds Japan's use of force unacceptable and unjustified, calls for Japan to withdraw its forces, and recognizes Manchuria as not an independent state.
- Japan refuses to accept the report and withdraws from the League of Nations in protest, highlighting the League's inability to enforce its decisions.
- The League of Nations' inaction is attributed to the lack of consensus among its member states, including the United States, which is not a member of the League.
- The League's inability to act is also due to the reluctance of powerful nations like Britain and France to take on Japan alone, as well as public sentiment against going to war in East Asia.
- Racist sentiments and economic concerns during the Great Depression also contribute to the League's inaction.
- The United States, initially uninterested in Japan, responds to the Manchurian Crisis with the Stimson Doctrine, which refuses to recognize any agreement that violates China's territory, but does not commit to any action.
- The Xi'an Incident, where Jiang Jieshi's generals kidnap him and force him to accept an alliance with the CCP, marks a shift in China's focus from fighting communists to resisting Japanese aggression.
- The Second United Front forms an alliance between Mao Zedong and Jiang Jieshi's forces, replacing China's civil war with a war of national resistance against Japan.
- The Japanese attack on mainland China following the Marco Polo Bridge Incident leads to the Second Sino-Japanese War.
- The United States continues its policy of isolationism, prioritizing economic problems at home over international conflicts, and does not see its interests impacted by the Manchurian Crisis.
- The United States trades more with Japan than China, and does not want to upset this trade relationship, especially during the economic depression.
- The Stimson Doctrine upholds a principle that America stands behind, but does not commit the United States to any action.
- The Japanese attack on the USS Panay in 1937 increases anti-Japanese sentiment in the United States, and Franklin Roosevelt begins to work around the Neutrality Acts to offer financial aid to China.
- By 1938, the United States starts restricting the sale of goods like planes and aviation parts to Japan, and launches a moral embargo against Japan in 1939.
- The United States passes the Lend-Lease Act in 1941, allowing it to send more financial aid and fighter planes to China, and eventually freezes Japanese assets in America and expands its embargo against Japan.
- Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, leads to the United States declaring war on Japan, officially entering World War II.
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Description
The Manchurian Crisis was a pivotal event in the 1930s that exposed the weaknesses of the League of Nations. Learn how Japan's invasion of Manchuria led to the League's failure to enforce its decisions and the subsequent consequences. Discover the roles of major powers like the United States, Britain, and France during this crisis.
