The link between Science and Technology

• Science is the cumulative investigation of nature using the scientific method, seeking to understand, describe, explain, and predict natural phenomena.
• Technology applies scientific knowledge.
• Cyclical co-dependence exists between science and technology as neither can exist without humanity.

Early Civilization

• The Stone Age began about 2.5 million years ago, marked by early humans using stone tools for survival, including hunting.
• Nomads were early humans living in small hunter-gatherer tribes.

Sumerian Civilization

• Sumer, located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers (the "Fertile Crescent"), laid the foundation for human civilization. Mesopotamia means "land between the rivers" from the Greek words meso (middle) and potam (river).
• Present-day Iraq, Kuwait, northeastern Syria, parts of southeastern Turkey, and southwestern Iran make up ancient Mesopotamian lands.
• Sumerians developed methods and technologies to create a civilization.
• The City of Uruk was the first true city.
• City-states of Sumer included Eridu, Uruk, Ur, Larsa, Isin, Adab, Kullah, Lagash, Nippur, and Kish.
• Ziggurats were pyramid-like, stepped temples built around 2200 BC, with a height of 170 feet, where kings and high priests served patron gods and goddesses.
• Irrigation techniques were developed to increase food production.
• Levees were created to hold back floods and canals to channel water from the Tigris to the Euphrates rivers.
• Cuneiform writing, derived from pictographs, was a writing system engraved on clay tablets using reeds and was initially used for trading records.
• Sumerians developed arithmetic, using a combination of base 1, base 10, and base 60 number systems.
• Sexagesimal (base 60) became the standard number system, influencing time measurement (24 hours in a day, 60 minutes in an hour, 60 seconds in a minute).
• The invention of the sailboat enabled water travel for trade and warfare.
• The wheel, initially for pottery, led to wheeled vehicles for transporting goods and people.
• The milled wheel and lighter wagons improved food production and transportation.
• The plow increased crop quality.
• Superstitions, mysticism, astrology, and magic influenced Mesopotamian lives; diseases were believed to be divine punishments.
• Priests were thought to have the magic to combat illnesses.

Babylonian Civilization

• The Bronze Age saw the Babylonians take control of Mesopotamia in 2004 BC after the collapse of the Ur-based empire.
• Samu-abum conquered Babylon.
• King Nebuchadnezzar built the Hanging Gardens of Babylon, starting in 605 BC, to alleviate his wife Amytis' depression by recreating her mountainous homeland.
• Weapons made of bronze (copper and tin alloy), such as sickle swords and socketed axes, were used to protect and conquer territories.
• The Babylonian number system, derived from the Sumerian sexagesimal system, used cuneiform digits with 10 as a sub-base.

Egyptian Civilization

• Egypt began around 5500 BCE with two major kingdoms along the Nile River.
• King Narmer united Egypt around 3200 BCE.
• Pharaohs were the kings of Egypt.
• Egyptians worshipped gods and goddesses in temples like the Temple of Edfu, served by priests and pharaohs.
• Mummification was believed necessary for life after death, involving washing the body, removing organs (except the heart and brain), using canopic jars for organs, rinsing with wine and spices, applying natron (salt) for 70 days, and wrapping the body in linen before placing it in a sarcophagus.
• Hieroglyphics combined pictures and symbols, including logograms (signs for morphemes), phonograms (signs for sounds), and determinatives (signs aiding meaning).
• Papyrus was made from reeds found in the Nile River.
• Egyptians possessed knowledge of healing herbs and physical injury repair.
• Shadufs were devices used to lift water from the Nile River into irrigation ditches.
• Archimedean screws were used to lift water into irrigation trenches.
• Egyptians used fractions, decimals, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and geometry.
• Egyptians use of a calendar with 12 months of 30 days and added 5 extra days around 4000 BC.
• Wigs made from human hair, sheep's wool, or vegetable fibers symbolized social status and were worn on special occasions.

Greek Civilization

• In the 8th Century BC, focused on government, art, architecture, philosophy, and sports.
• Leaders beautified cities and worship places.
• Greece was a polytheistic society and its gods and myths explained natural mysteries and current events.
• Most art and literature was performed in ancient Greek theatres, inspiring the Roman version, which introduced modifications.
• Theatron was the seating area in theaters
• Orchestra was a circular space for actors to perform on.
• Skene was the stage
• Houses were around a courtyard.
• Poor people lived in rural areas or crowded urban slums and Multi-story blocks of apartments
• Maritime trade was dominated by Greek traders in the Mediterranean.
• Greeks made major contributions in philosophy, math, and science.
• Socrates developed a method of analyzing good and justice by breaking down problems into inquiries.
• Plato, student of Socrates, founded the Academy of Athens and laid the foundations of Western philosophy and science.
• Aristotle, student of Plato, developed the Empirical Approach in studying nature and founded the Theory of Four Causes (material, formal, efficient, final).
• Thales believed that WATER was the source of all things.
• Pythagoras made contributions and developed the Pythagorean Theorem.
• Empedocles believed in fire, air, water, and earth as the four fundamental elements
• Democritus established the concept of atomism, the idea that everything is made up of atoms.
• Archimedes known for law of buoyancy.

Roman Civilization

• Romulus founded Rome around 753 BCE.
• Forums were large open plazas in city centers, surrounded by temples, law courts, and basilicas.
• Tufa, Native volcanic stone used to construct Roman buildings
• Travertine white limestone durable and utilized in construction.
• Bricks and tiles commonly plastered over concrete, Sun-dried and fire-dried mud bricks were also used.
• Aqueducts converted water from faraway springs into cities and towns through gravity.
• Aqua Appia, Roman's first aqueduct in 312BC.
• Rome had 11 aqueducts.
• Roman architecture included the Pantheon (temple), Colosseum (amphitheater), Arch of Septimius Severus, and Maison Carree (temple).
• Roman Numerals developed for trading purposes.

Western Civilizations

• Middle Ages began with the colonial expansion of Western Europe in the late 15th century.

• The Middle Ages also known as the Dark Ages saw political and economic turmoil due to invasions and declining human achievement.

• Intellectual activity was centered on the bible and study of Christian faith.

• High Middle Ages brought about political stability.

• Studium Generale learning centers of knowledge expanded.

• Christian Scholasticism used Platonic reasoning and deduction with fixed religious dogma and Aristotelian philosophy.

• Scholastics emphasized conceptual analysis and defending dogma in natural phenomena.

• Natural theology was an attempt to prove the existence of God.

• Philosophers continued scholasticism in the Late Middle Ages as technology developed.

• Franciscan John Duns Scotus maintained that reason and faith should be separate.

• William of Ockham proposed the principle of parsimony or Ockham's Razor, where simpler theories are preferred.

• Jean Buridan developed the theory of impetus, anticipating Newtonian physics.

• Thomas Bradwardine studied kinematics and velocity before Galileo.

• Nicole Oresme proposed heliocentric theories before Copernicus and that light and color were related long before Hooke

• The search for alternative sources of power began due to small populations.

• Human, draft animals, & water power were the three main powers

• The horse was the first instrument in this power revolution

• Norse Mill: a type of water mill use of waterwheel

• Vertical Water Mill can be powered by water.

• Teutonic Tribes people used iron plowshares.

• Spinning Jenny/Spinning Wheel was introduced in the woolen cloth industry.

• Soapmaking was a new craft from the Teutonic Tribes

• Waterpower used to drive fulling stocks.

• Gunpowder invented due to wars.

• Mixture of carbon, sulfur, and saltpeter (potassium nitrate).

• Metallurgy developed due to the manufacturer of cannons used in warfare.

• The manufacture of cast iron great innovation in the Middle Ages.

• Mining industry took place due the demand of gold.

• Artois in France, where the first was drilled by Carthusian monks in 1126.

• Wheelbarrows, Useful in construction, mining, and farming.

• Spectacles first concave and convex lenses invented in Florence, Italy.

• First mention of mirror was made by Alexander Neckham in 1180

• Alchemy, an ancient branch, was considered experts on matter and thought all matter to be made from four main elements: fire, air, earth, and water.

• Jan Baptist Van Helmont experimented on the role of water

• Printing press made a huge impact in mid 15th century

• Leonardo of Pisa: Europe's first great medieval better known as Fibonacci

• Nicholas of Cusa directly influenced mathematicians like Gottfried Leibniz & George Cantor.

• Renaissance means rebirth during transition.

• Advances that contributed to maritime technology include multi-masted ships. Discovery had a significant impact on geography.

• The compass invented by the Chinese.

• Brass manufacture Establishment of the German miners

• Queen Elizabeth I introduced German miners to England

• Great Britain experienced a unprecedented increase in agricultural productivity known as Great Agriculture Revolution and British Agriculture Revolution

• Berthshire: First agricultural pioneer English farmer

• Johannes Gutenberg made the first version of the printing press with movable metal type in Mainz.

• Block Printing: To print on single block in Typecasting to ink making

• intellectual movement.

• Andreas Vesalius, founder of modern anatomy.

• Scientific exploration during revolution

• Otto Brunfels first began.

New Astronomy

• Leonardo Fuchs produced landmark guide for collecting medical plants.

• Nicolas Copernicus disputed Aristotle's universe theory, theorizing a heliocentric model, although not an observer of the heavens.

• Tycho Brahe, foremost practical astronomer, collected data. He lacked mathematical understanding

• Giordano Bruno argued celestial objects in motion

• Johannes Kepler: He found new modern optics. His planetary model consisted of 5 three-dimensional solid polyhedrals: octahedron, icosahedron, dodecahedron, tetrahedron, & cube.

• Galileo Galilei: Recognized as the father of astronomical studies

• Theory: His evidence shows and enforces the theory of Copernicus.

• Issue Isaac Newton creates first reflecting telescope

Philosophiæ Review

• Robert Boyle
• Issue Evangelista: Understanding of new barometer
• Blaise Pascal: Explanation for the mercury tube
• Otto Von Guericke: Invented the hemisphere tool

Philippines inventions

• Show skills and the used of skills through the invention-