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Questions and Answers
What calendar reform did Caesar introduce during his rule?
Who did the leading senators initially endorse as the less harmful to their cause?
What title was Caesar given during his rule?
Who formed the second triumvirate after Caesar's death?
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What was the outcome of the battle between Octavian's fleet and the combined navies of Antony and Cleopatra?
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What was the role of the paterfamilias in Roman society?
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What was the relationship between the patricians and plebeians in Roman society?
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What was Seneca's view on the treatment of slaves in Roman society?
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What was the outcome of the civil war between Caesar and Pompey?
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Study Notes
Sumerian Civilization (3500 – 2340 BCE)
- Sumerians mixed with farming people, leading to the growth of city-states in Southern Mesopotamia, known as Sumer
- Sumerians believed in polytheism, building ziggurats as homes for their gods
- Cuneiform was their system of record-keeping, using baked clay
- Sumerians established schools that trained boys in art, mainly for sons of upper-class professionals
Mesopotamian Society and Culture
- Mesopotamia had written laws, advances in mathematics and astronomy, and widespread trade
- The Code of Hammurabi dealt with community, religion, irrigation, military service, crime, business, and family relations
Egyptian Civilization (Lasted 3,000 Years)
- Egypt depended on the Nile River, with the Nile's silt building up a triangular delta
- Egyptians believed in many gods, including animal worship
- Inspector-spies, known as the "Eyes and the Ears of the king," monitored the people
Persian Religion and Empire
- Zoroaster, a Persian religious teacher, introduced a new religion in the sixth century
- Ahura Mazda, the wise Lord, represented truth, goodness, and light, while Ahriman was the evil spirit
- Zoroastrianism became the official religion of the Persian Empire
Greek City-States
- Greeks lived in small, independent city-states, often at war with one another
- Greek city-states were the cradle of Western civilization
- Minoans built magnificent palaces that housed royal families, priests, and government officials
- Mycenaeans ruled Crete and mainland Greece, borrowing from Minoan civilization
Greek Ideals and Culture
- Greeks valued excellence, encouraging the development of many talents
- Greeks believed in moderation, a life of balance between extremes
- Poets expressed Greek ideals, with poetry playing a key part in expressing the Greek view of life
- Pindar and Sappho were famous poets, with Sappho establishing a school of music and singing for wealthy young women
Greek Drama and Theater
- Poetry developed into drama, with Thespis being the first person to appear on stage as an actor
- Athenian ruler Pisistratus sponsored the first drama festival in 534 B.C.
- Three greatest writers of Greek tragedy were Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides
- The Parthenon was a temple to Athena, built in 447 B.C.
Greek Art
- Greek art was a significant part of Aegean culture
- Artemis was the great Olympian goddess of hunting, wilderness, and wild animals
- Aphrodite was the Greek goddess of love, beauty, pleasure, and procreation
- The bronze Boxer of Quirinal was a significant Hellenistic Greek sculpture
Science, Philosophy, and Rome
- Mesopotamians and Egyptians took the first steps toward creating science
- Philosophy originated from the Greek word "love of wisdom"
- Thales, Pythagoras, and Democritus were ancient Greek scientists and philosophers
- Julius Caesar was the "Dictator for Life" who introduced the Julian Calendar
- Octavian's victory marked the end of the Roman Republic
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Description
Test your knowledge on the ancient Sumerian civilization which existed from 3500 to 2340 BCE. Learn about Cylinder Seals, City States, Polytheism, Ziggurats, and Cuneiform writing system.
