The Kingdom of Monera

Bacteria Kingdom

• Bacteria belong to the Monera kingdom, which includes single-celled organisms.

Cell Structure

• A group of bacteria, known as Mycoplasma, lacks a cell wall and has a cell membrane made up of different lipids.
• The characteristic feature of Eubacteria is the presence of a peptidoglycan cell wall.

Extreme Bacteria

• Extremophiles are bacteria that live in extreme and harsh conditions.
• Halophiles are a type of extremophile that thrive in extremely salty environments.
• Thermophiles are a type of extremophile that thrive in extremely high temperatures.
• Methanogens are a type of extremophile that thrive in extremely anaerobic environments and produce methane as a byproduct.

Bacterial Shapes

• Cocci are spherical-shaped bacteria.
• Bacilli are rod-shaped bacteria.
• Spirilla are spiral-shaped bacteria.

Nutrition and Metabolism

• Cyanobacteria prepare their own food by the process of photosynthesis.
• Chemosynthetic autotrophs are bacteria that synthesize their own food using energy from chemicals.
• Heterotrophic bacteria are dependent on other organisms for their nutrition.
• Parasitic bacteria depend on the host for nutrition and cause harm to the host.

Identification and Staining

• Gram's staining is used to identify bacteria by distinguishing between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
• Gram-positive bacteria have cell walls that appear violet under the microscope after Gram's staining.
• Gram-negative bacteria have cell walls that appear pink under the microscope after Gram's staining.

Reproduction and Genetic Transfer

• Bacteria mainly reproduce asexually through binary fission.
• The process of transformation involves the transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another.