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Questions and Answers
Whittaker proposed a ______ Kingdom Classification.
Whittaker proposed a ______ Kingdom Classification.
Five
The kingdoms defined by Whittaker were Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and ______.
The kingdoms defined by Whittaker were Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and ______.
Animalia
The three-domain system divides the Kingdom Monera into two ______.
The three-domain system divides the Kingdom Monera into two ______.
domains
The main criteria for classification include cell structure, body organisation, mode of nutrition, reproduction, and ______ relationships.
The main criteria for classification include cell structure, body organisation, mode of nutrition, reproduction, and ______ relationships.
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Earlier classification systems placed bacteria, blue green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms under ______.
Earlier classification systems placed bacteria, blue green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms under ______.
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All organisms in the Plants kingdom had a ______ in their cells.
All organisms in the Plants kingdom had a ______ in their cells.
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The classification grouped prokaryotic bacteria and blue green algae with ______ organisms.
The classification grouped prokaryotic bacteria and blue green algae with ______ organisms.
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Fungi were placed in a separate kingdom due to their cell wall composition, which contains ______.
Fungi were placed in a separate kingdom due to their cell wall composition, which contains ______.
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Green plants have a ______ cell wall.
Green plants have a ______ cell wall.
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Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra were both placed together under ______.
Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra were both placed together under ______.
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Study Notes
Biological Classification Overview
- Classification of living organisms began instinctively, evolving to meet human needs for food, shelter, and clothing.
- Aristotle pioneered a more scientific approach using morphology to categorize plants and animals, distinguishing groups based on blood types.
- The Two Kingdom system established by Linnaeus included Plantae and Animalia but was inadequate for classifying all organisms, particularly prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Development of Classification Systems
- Organisms were traditionally grouped as plants or animals, but many did not fit into these categories due to diverse characteristics.
- Essential criteria for classification expanded to include cell structure, mode of nutrition, reproductive methods, and evolutionary relationships.
- The understanding of plant and animal kingdoms has evolved, with definitions of included groups changing over time among scientists.
Characteristics of the Five Kingdoms
- R.H. Whittaker proposed a Five Kingdom Classification in 1969 consisting of Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
- Key criteria defining these kingdoms include:
- Cell Type: Prokaryotic (Monera) vs. Eukaryotic (others).
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Cell Wall Composition:
- Monera: Noncellulosic (polysaccharide + amino acid).
- Fungi: Chitin.
- Plantae: Cellulose.
- Animalia: Absent.
- Nuclear Membrane: Absent in Monera; present in others.
- Body Organization: Monera and Protista are cellular; Fungi are multicellular/loose tissue; Plantae and Animalia are tissue/organ systems.
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Mode of Nutrition:
- Monera: Autotrophic (chemosynthetic/photosynthetic) and heterotrophic (saprophytic/parasitic).
- Protista: Autotrophic (photosynthetic) and heterotrophic.
- Fungi: Heterotrophic (saprophytic/parasitic).
- Plantae: Autotrophic (photosynthetic).
- Animalia: Heterotrophic (various modes).
Three-Domain System
- A six kingdom classification system divides Kingdom Monera into two domains, with the remaining eukaryotic kingdoms grouped into a third domain.
- This system highlights the significant differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms, allowing for a more nuanced classification.
Historic Misclassifications
- Earlier systems grouped diverse organisms such as bacteria, algae, fungi, and plants based solely on the presence of cell walls, leading to misleading classifications.
- Distinctions between autotrophic plants and heterotrophic fungi were not recognized until fungi were eventually classified into a separate kingdom due to their distinct characteristics, including wall composition (chitin vs. cellulose).
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of biological classification in this quiz based on Biology Chapter 2. Learn about the different kingdoms, including Monera and Protista, and discover how living organisms have been categorized throughout history. Perfect for students looking to deepen their understanding of biological taxonomy.
