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Questions and Answers
What condition is characterized by thinning of hair or baldness?
What condition is characterized by thinning of hair or baldness?
What is the average growth rate of nails per week?
What is the average growth rate of nails per week?
What type of sweat gland is responsible for emotional sweating?
What type of sweat gland is responsible for emotional sweating?
Which of the following substances is NOT secreted by sebaceous glands?
Which of the following substances is NOT secreted by sebaceous glands?
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What is the primary function of ceruminous glands?
What is the primary function of ceruminous glands?
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The nail matrix is important because it does what?
The nail matrix is important because it does what?
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Which type of sweat gland is most numerous in the skin?
Which type of sweat gland is most numerous in the skin?
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What characterizes hirsutism?
What characterizes hirsutism?
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What part of the hair is responsible for hair growth?
What part of the hair is responsible for hair growth?
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Which stage of hair growth lasts approximately 2-6 years?
Which stage of hair growth lasts approximately 2-6 years?
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What is the primary composition of the cortex of hair?
What is the primary composition of the cortex of hair?
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What is the function of the papilla in the hair follicle?
What is the function of the papilla in the hair follicle?
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What type of hair is described as fine, nonpigmented, downy hairs that cover the body of a fetus?
What type of hair is described as fine, nonpigmented, downy hairs that cover the body of a fetus?
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What happens during the regression stage of hair growth?
What happens during the regression stage of hair growth?
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What component beneath the hair root is responsible for producing the internal root sheath?
What component beneath the hair root is responsible for producing the internal root sheath?
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Which type of cells is most abundant in the epidermis and synthesizes keratin?
Which type of cells is most abundant in the epidermis and synthesizes keratin?
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How is hair color primarily determined?
How is hair color primarily determined?
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What is the primary function of melanocytes in the epidermis?
What is the primary function of melanocytes in the epidermis?
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Where are Dendritic (Langerhans) cells primarily found in the epidermis?
Where are Dendritic (Langerhans) cells primarily found in the epidermis?
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What type of epithelium is the epidermis primarily composed of?
What type of epithelium is the epidermis primarily composed of?
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Which layer of the epidermis contains the stem cells?
Which layer of the epidermis contains the stem cells?
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What is the primary function of the stratum corneum?
What is the primary function of the stratum corneum?
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If a large layer of the epidermis is destroyed, what process may be required for regeneration?
If a large layer of the epidermis is destroyed, what process may be required for regeneration?
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Which layer of the epidermis is primarily responsible for keratinization?
Which layer of the epidermis is primarily responsible for keratinization?
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What is the primary characteristic of keratin that relates to its function?
What is the primary characteristic of keratin that relates to its function?
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What characterizes the stratum lucidum?
What characterizes the stratum lucidum?
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What is the role of tactile (Merkel) cells in the epidermis?
What is the role of tactile (Merkel) cells in the epidermis?
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What is the primary composition of the dermis?
What is the primary composition of the dermis?
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Which statement about psoriasis is correct?
Which statement about psoriasis is correct?
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What type of connective tissue is found in the papillary region of the dermis?
What type of connective tissue is found in the papillary region of the dermis?
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Which epidermal layer is made up of dead, scaly cells that are continuously exfoliated?
Which epidermal layer is made up of dead, scaly cells that are continuously exfoliated?
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What is the effect of constant friction on the stratum corneum?
What is the effect of constant friction on the stratum corneum?
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What is the primary purpose of fingerprints?
What is the primary purpose of fingerprints?
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What role do melanocytes play in skin color?
What role do melanocytes play in skin color?
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How does exposure to UV light affect melanin production?
How does exposure to UV light affect melanin production?
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Which factor is primarily responsible for skin color variations among individuals?
Which factor is primarily responsible for skin color variations among individuals?
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What is the role of melanin in the skin?
What is the role of melanin in the skin?
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Which of the following describes the difference between dark and light skin?
Which of the following describes the difference between dark and light skin?
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What characterizes the subcutaneous layer in relation to drug absorption?
What characterizes the subcutaneous layer in relation to drug absorption?
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What is the purpose of using lipid-soluble solvents in transdermal drug administration?
What is the purpose of using lipid-soluble solvents in transdermal drug administration?
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What is the primary method of thermoregulation during exercise in warm environments?
What is the primary method of thermoregulation during exercise in warm environments?
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How does the skin contribute to protection against microbes?
How does the skin contribute to protection against microbes?
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Which process assists in the synthesis of Vitamin D in the skin?
Which process assists in the synthesis of Vitamin D in the skin?
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What is one of the main functions of keratin in the skin?
What is one of the main functions of keratin in the skin?
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What change occurs in the body during vasodilation in the skin?
What change occurs in the body during vasodilation in the skin?
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What is a determining factor in the type of wound healing that occurs?
What is a determining factor in the type of wound healing that occurs?
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Which of the following is not a cutaneous sensation provided by the skin?
Which of the following is not a cutaneous sensation provided by the skin?
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What role do Langerhans cells play in skin protection?
What role do Langerhans cells play in skin protection?
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What is the significance of melanin in the skin?
What is the significance of melanin in the skin?
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How do the melanin granules in dark-skinned individuals differ from those in light-skinned individuals?
How do the melanin granules in dark-skinned individuals differ from those in light-skinned individuals?
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What role do melanocytes play in skin color variability?
What role do melanocytes play in skin color variability?
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What is the function of melanosomes in melanocytes?
What is the function of melanosomes in melanocytes?
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What characteristic of the subcutaneous layer affects drug absorption?
What characteristic of the subcutaneous layer affects drug absorption?
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Why do fingerprints remain unchanged throughout a person's life?
Why do fingerprints remain unchanged throughout a person's life?
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Which statement correctly describes the absorption characteristics of transdermal drug administration?
Which statement correctly describes the absorption characteristics of transdermal drug administration?
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What factor primarily affects the enzymatic activity of melanocytes in the synthesis of melanin?
What factor primarily affects the enzymatic activity of melanocytes in the synthesis of melanin?
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Study Notes
The Integumentary System (PHC411)
- The integumentary system encompasses the skin, hair, and nails.
- The system's structure is crucial for its function.
- Skin has 3 main layers: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis.
- The epidermis is the outermost protective layer composed of stratified squamous epithelium.
- The dermis is the middle layer, thick, dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers.
- The hypodermis is the deepest layer which consists of areolar connective tissue and adipose tissue.
- Skin also has four major cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells.
- Epidermal cells include the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.
- Skin color is primarily due to melanin, produced by melanocytes.
- Skin also contains sebaceous and sweat glands to control body temperature.
- Hair structures include the follicle, shaft, root, cuticle, cortex, medulla and papilla.
- Nails are made of hard keratinized epidermal cells found on the dorsal surfaces of fingers and toes.
Skin Structure
- Epidermis (superficial): Composed of epithelial tissue, avascular, several layers.
- Dermis (middle): Thick, dense irregular connective tissue, richer blood supply, contains capillaries and nerve endings.
- Hypodermis (deepest ): Contains adipose tissue and blood vessels, more fat than other layers.
Skin Cells
- Keratinocytes: Majority, synthesize keratin for protection and structure.
- Melanocytes: Synthesize melanin for UV protection, located in stratum basale and spinosum layers.
- Dendritic Cells (Langerhans): Immune system cells, found in stratum spinosum and granulsum, migrate to lymph nodes.
- Merkel Cells: Sensory receptors, found in stratum basale, involved in touch and pressure sensations.
Skin Color
- Melanin: Pigment produced by melanocytes, responsible for most of the variation in skin color, affects UV protection.
- Hemoglobin: Red pigment of red blood cells, responsible for reddish coloration.
- Carotene: Yellow-orange pigment of vegetables and egg yolks, Concentrated in the stratum corneum and hypodermis.
- Skin color is an important indicator of certain medical conditions like Jaundice or abnormalities like Vitiligo.
Skin Glands
- Sebaceous glands: Associated with hair follicles, secrete sebum (oily substance), prevents hair and skin dehydration, and prevents bacterial growth.
- Sudoriferous glands: include eccrine sweat glands (most numerous, water perspiration) and apocrine sweat glands (produce thicker sweat, in certain areas like groin).
Functions of Skin
- Protection: Prevents dehydration, protects against UV radiation, chemicals, and injury.
- Thermoregulation: Releases sweat for evaporation, and vessels dilate or constrict for heat distribution.
- Sensation: Detects touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
- Excretion: Eliminates waste products through sweat.
- Vitamin D synthesis: Synthesizes Vitamin D in response to UV radiation.
- Reservoir: Blood vessels carry a significant volume of blood (8-10%).
Wound Healing
- Epidermal wound healing: Occurs in superficial wounds, returns to normal function.
- Deep wound healing: Occurs when the dermis is injured, loss of function, scarring is likely.
Burns
- Classification: First-degree, second-degree, and third-degree burns, based on depth of damage.
- First degree: Involves epidermis only.
- Second degree: Damage to epidermis and some dermis.
- Third degree: Destroys epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layers.
- Severity: Classified by the extent and depth of tissue damage.
- Treatment: Varies based on the severity of the burn injury.
Skin Cancer
- Risk factors: Exposure to UV radiation from the sun, being fair-skinned, age.
- Types: Basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma.
Common Skin Disorders
- Conditions like Alopecia, Hirsutism, Dermatitis, Eczema, Folliculitis, Herpes, Shingles, Impetigo, Psoriasis, Ringworm, Scabies, Warts and others.
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Description
Explore the intricacies of the integumentary system, including its structure and function. Discover the layers of the skin, key cells involved, and the roles of hair and nails. This quiz will test your knowledge on essential concepts related to this vital system.
